Urinary concentrations of BTEX in waterpipe smokers and nonsmokers: Investigating the influence of conventional activities and multiple factors
The aim of this study was to compare the concentrations of the benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) compounds in the urine of smokers and the control group considering the role of age, weight, job, history of waterpipe and cigarette smoking, and driving time. The chemicals in the urine...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2022-08-01
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| Series: | Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651322005577 |
| _version_ | 1811225384755134464 |
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| author | Hassan Ghobadi Roohollah Rostami Behzad Saranjam Mohammad Reza Aslani Mehdi Fazlzadeh Hamid Reza Ghaffari |
| author_facet | Hassan Ghobadi Roohollah Rostami Behzad Saranjam Mohammad Reza Aslani Mehdi Fazlzadeh Hamid Reza Ghaffari |
| author_sort | Hassan Ghobadi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The aim of this study was to compare the concentrations of the benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) compounds in the urine of smokers and the control group considering the role of age, weight, job, history of waterpipe and cigarette smoking, and driving time. The chemicals in the urine of 99 smokers and 31 nonsmokers were extracted by liquid-liquid extraction method and their concentrations were measured by liquid injection GC/MS. The mean concentration of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m-xylene, o-xylene, p-xylene, and total BTEX in waterpipe smokers were found to be 471.40, 670.90, 127.91, 167.64, 90.62, 46.04, and 1574.50 ng/g. creatinine, respectively. For the waterpipe&cigarette smokers, the concentration of the compounds were 708.00, 959.00, 146.40, 192.50, 93.30, 53.07, and 2152.00 ng/g.creatinine, respectively. For nonsmokers the concentrations of these compounds were 88.12, 140.40, 36.68, 57.29, 31.53, 26.21, and 380.30 ng/g.creatinine, respectively. Driving time, waterpipe smoking and cigarette smoking were positively associated with BTEX concentration (p < 0.05). Fruity tobacco showed higher concentrations of BTEX compared to the regular tobacco, and athlete persons had les urinary BTEX than the non-athletes. There was not significant correlation between the BTEX and age, height, weight, and BMI. High concentrations of BTEX compounds in the urine of waterpipe and cigarette smokers compared to nonsmokers indicate that waterpipe and cigarette can be an important source of exposure to these compounds and the known adverse effects of these compounds, especially carcinogenicity, threaten the health of smokers. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-12T09:06:24Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-b445893dfc3840058ce112e646c1c737 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 0147-6513 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-12T09:06:24Z |
| publishDate | 2022-08-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety |
| spelling | doaj.art-b445893dfc3840058ce112e646c1c7372022-12-22T03:39:06ZengElsevierEcotoxicology and Environmental Safety0147-65132022-08-01241113717Urinary concentrations of BTEX in waterpipe smokers and nonsmokers: Investigating the influence of conventional activities and multiple factorsHassan Ghobadi0Roohollah Rostami1Behzad Saranjam2Mohammad Reza Aslani3Mehdi Fazlzadeh4Hamid Reza Ghaffari5Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary Division, Faculty of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran; Lung Diseases Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, IranResearch Center for Health Sciences and Technologies, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, IranDepartment of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, IranLung Diseases Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, IranSocial Determinants of Health Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Correspondence to: Department of Environmental Health, School of Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Daneshgah St, Ardabil Postal Code: 5615731567, Iran.Tobacco and Health research center, Hormozgan university of medical sciences, Bandar abbas, Iran; Correspondence to: Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran.The aim of this study was to compare the concentrations of the benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) compounds in the urine of smokers and the control group considering the role of age, weight, job, history of waterpipe and cigarette smoking, and driving time. The chemicals in the urine of 99 smokers and 31 nonsmokers were extracted by liquid-liquid extraction method and their concentrations were measured by liquid injection GC/MS. The mean concentration of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m-xylene, o-xylene, p-xylene, and total BTEX in waterpipe smokers were found to be 471.40, 670.90, 127.91, 167.64, 90.62, 46.04, and 1574.50 ng/g. creatinine, respectively. For the waterpipe&cigarette smokers, the concentration of the compounds were 708.00, 959.00, 146.40, 192.50, 93.30, 53.07, and 2152.00 ng/g.creatinine, respectively. For nonsmokers the concentrations of these compounds were 88.12, 140.40, 36.68, 57.29, 31.53, 26.21, and 380.30 ng/g.creatinine, respectively. Driving time, waterpipe smoking and cigarette smoking were positively associated with BTEX concentration (p < 0.05). Fruity tobacco showed higher concentrations of BTEX compared to the regular tobacco, and athlete persons had les urinary BTEX than the non-athletes. There was not significant correlation between the BTEX and age, height, weight, and BMI. High concentrations of BTEX compounds in the urine of waterpipe and cigarette smokers compared to nonsmokers indicate that waterpipe and cigarette can be an important source of exposure to these compounds and the known adverse effects of these compounds, especially carcinogenicity, threaten the health of smokers.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651322005577BTEXUrinary concentrationWaterpipeHookahTobacco |
| spellingShingle | Hassan Ghobadi Roohollah Rostami Behzad Saranjam Mohammad Reza Aslani Mehdi Fazlzadeh Hamid Reza Ghaffari Urinary concentrations of BTEX in waterpipe smokers and nonsmokers: Investigating the influence of conventional activities and multiple factors Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety BTEX Urinary concentration Waterpipe Hookah Tobacco |
| title | Urinary concentrations of BTEX in waterpipe smokers and nonsmokers: Investigating the influence of conventional activities and multiple factors |
| title_full | Urinary concentrations of BTEX in waterpipe smokers and nonsmokers: Investigating the influence of conventional activities and multiple factors |
| title_fullStr | Urinary concentrations of BTEX in waterpipe smokers and nonsmokers: Investigating the influence of conventional activities and multiple factors |
| title_full_unstemmed | Urinary concentrations of BTEX in waterpipe smokers and nonsmokers: Investigating the influence of conventional activities and multiple factors |
| title_short | Urinary concentrations of BTEX in waterpipe smokers and nonsmokers: Investigating the influence of conventional activities and multiple factors |
| title_sort | urinary concentrations of btex in waterpipe smokers and nonsmokers investigating the influence of conventional activities and multiple factors |
| topic | BTEX Urinary concentration Waterpipe Hookah Tobacco |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651322005577 |
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