Valorization of Agro-Industrial Wastes by Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction as a Source of Proteins, Antioxidants and Cutin: A Cascade Approach
The use of agro-industrial wastes to obtain compounds with a high added-value is increasing in the last few years in accordance with the circular economy concept. In this work, a cascade extraction approach was developed based on ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) for tomato, watermelon, and apple...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-09-01
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| Series: | Antioxidants |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/11/9/1739 |
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| author | Cristina Mellinas Ignacio Solaberrieta Carlos Javier Pelegrín Alfonso Jiménez María Carmen Garrigós |
| author_facet | Cristina Mellinas Ignacio Solaberrieta Carlos Javier Pelegrín Alfonso Jiménez María Carmen Garrigós |
| author_sort | Cristina Mellinas |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The use of agro-industrial wastes to obtain compounds with a high added-value is increasing in the last few years in accordance with the circular economy concept. In this work, a cascade extraction approach was developed based on ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) for tomato, watermelon, and apple peel wastes. The protein and antioxidant compounds were obtained during the first extraction step (NaOH 3 wt.%, 98.6 W, 100% amplitude, 6.48 W/cm<sup>2</sup>, 6 min). The watermelon peels (WP) showed higher proteins and total phenolic contents (857 ± 1 mg BSA/g extract and 107.2 ± 0.2 mg GAE/100 g dm, respectively), whereas the highest antioxidant activity was obtained for apple peels (1559 ± 20 µmol TE/100 g dm, 1767 ± 5 µmol TE/100 g dm, and 902 ± 16 µmol TE/100 g dm for ABTS, FRAP and DPPH assays, respectively). The remaining residue obtained from the first extraction was subsequently extracted to obtain cutin (ethanol 40 wt.%, 58 W, 100% amplitude, 2 W/cm<sup>2</sup>, 17 min, 1/80 g/mL, pH 2.5). The morphological studies confirmed the great efficiency of UAE in damaging the vegetal cell walls. WP showed a higher non-hydrolysable cutin content (55 wt.% of the initial cutin). A different monomers’ profile was obtained for the cutin composition by GC-MS, with the cutin from tomato and apple peels being rich in polyhydroxy fatty acids whereas the cutin extracted from WP was mainly based on unsaturated fatty acids. All of the cutin samples showed an initial degradation temperature higher than 200 °C, presenting an excellent thermal stability. The strategy followed in this work has proved to be an effective valorization methodology with a high scaling-up potential for applications in the food, pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, cosmetics and biopolymer sectors. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T00:53:11Z |
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| id | doaj.art-b44ed4774b654db4ae5cff547a4f92bc |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3921 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T00:53:11Z |
| publishDate | 2022-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Antioxidants |
| spelling | doaj.art-b44ed4774b654db4ae5cff547a4f92bc2023-11-23T14:48:08ZengMDPI AGAntioxidants2076-39212022-09-01119173910.3390/antiox11091739Valorization of Agro-Industrial Wastes by Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction as a Source of Proteins, Antioxidants and Cutin: A Cascade ApproachCristina Mellinas0Ignacio Solaberrieta1Carlos Javier Pelegrín2Alfonso Jiménez3María Carmen Garrigós4Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition & Food Sciences, University of Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig, ES-03690 Alicante, SpainDepartment of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition & Food Sciences, University of Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig, ES-03690 Alicante, SpainDepartment of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition & Food Sciences, University of Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig, ES-03690 Alicante, SpainDepartment of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition & Food Sciences, University of Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig, ES-03690 Alicante, SpainDepartment of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition & Food Sciences, University of Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig, ES-03690 Alicante, SpainThe use of agro-industrial wastes to obtain compounds with a high added-value is increasing in the last few years in accordance with the circular economy concept. In this work, a cascade extraction approach was developed based on ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) for tomato, watermelon, and apple peel wastes. The protein and antioxidant compounds were obtained during the first extraction step (NaOH 3 wt.%, 98.6 W, 100% amplitude, 6.48 W/cm<sup>2</sup>, 6 min). The watermelon peels (WP) showed higher proteins and total phenolic contents (857 ± 1 mg BSA/g extract and 107.2 ± 0.2 mg GAE/100 g dm, respectively), whereas the highest antioxidant activity was obtained for apple peels (1559 ± 20 µmol TE/100 g dm, 1767 ± 5 µmol TE/100 g dm, and 902 ± 16 µmol TE/100 g dm for ABTS, FRAP and DPPH assays, respectively). The remaining residue obtained from the first extraction was subsequently extracted to obtain cutin (ethanol 40 wt.%, 58 W, 100% amplitude, 2 W/cm<sup>2</sup>, 17 min, 1/80 g/mL, pH 2.5). The morphological studies confirmed the great efficiency of UAE in damaging the vegetal cell walls. WP showed a higher non-hydrolysable cutin content (55 wt.% of the initial cutin). A different monomers’ profile was obtained for the cutin composition by GC-MS, with the cutin from tomato and apple peels being rich in polyhydroxy fatty acids whereas the cutin extracted from WP was mainly based on unsaturated fatty acids. All of the cutin samples showed an initial degradation temperature higher than 200 °C, presenting an excellent thermal stability. The strategy followed in this work has proved to be an effective valorization methodology with a high scaling-up potential for applications in the food, pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, cosmetics and biopolymer sectors.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/11/9/1739ultrasound-assisted extractionagro-industrial peel wastesactive compoundscascade extraction approach |
| spellingShingle | Cristina Mellinas Ignacio Solaberrieta Carlos Javier Pelegrín Alfonso Jiménez María Carmen Garrigós Valorization of Agro-Industrial Wastes by Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction as a Source of Proteins, Antioxidants and Cutin: A Cascade Approach Antioxidants ultrasound-assisted extraction agro-industrial peel wastes active compounds cascade extraction approach |
| title | Valorization of Agro-Industrial Wastes by Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction as a Source of Proteins, Antioxidants and Cutin: A Cascade Approach |
| title_full | Valorization of Agro-Industrial Wastes by Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction as a Source of Proteins, Antioxidants and Cutin: A Cascade Approach |
| title_fullStr | Valorization of Agro-Industrial Wastes by Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction as a Source of Proteins, Antioxidants and Cutin: A Cascade Approach |
| title_full_unstemmed | Valorization of Agro-Industrial Wastes by Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction as a Source of Proteins, Antioxidants and Cutin: A Cascade Approach |
| title_short | Valorization of Agro-Industrial Wastes by Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction as a Source of Proteins, Antioxidants and Cutin: A Cascade Approach |
| title_sort | valorization of agro industrial wastes by ultrasound assisted extraction as a source of proteins antioxidants and cutin a cascade approach |
| topic | ultrasound-assisted extraction agro-industrial peel wastes active compounds cascade extraction approach |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/11/9/1739 |
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