Molecular Mechanisms of Colorectal Liver Metastases
The liver is the most frequently target for metastasis among patients with colorectal cancer mainly because of the portal vein circulation that directly connects the colon and rectum with the liver. The liver tumor microenvironment consists of different cell types each with unique characteristics an...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-06-01
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| Series: | Cells |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/12/12/1657 |
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| author | Diamantis I. Tsilimigras Ioannis Ntanasis-Stathopoulos Timothy M. Pawlik |
| author_facet | Diamantis I. Tsilimigras Ioannis Ntanasis-Stathopoulos Timothy M. Pawlik |
| author_sort | Diamantis I. Tsilimigras |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The liver is the most frequently target for metastasis among patients with colorectal cancer mainly because of the portal vein circulation that directly connects the colon and rectum with the liver. The liver tumor microenvironment consists of different cell types each with unique characteristics and functions that modulate the antigen recognition and immune system activation. Primary tumors from other sites “prime” the liver prior to the seeding of cancer cells, creating a pre-metastatic niche. Following invasion into the liver, four different phases are key to the development of liver metastases: a microvascular phase in which cancer cells infiltrate and become trapped in sinusoidal vessels; an extravascular, pre-angiogenic phase; an angiogenic phase that supplies oxygen and nutrients to cancer cells; and a growth phase in which metastatic cells multiply and enlarge to form detectable tumors. Exosomes carry proteins, lipids, as well as genetic information that can create a pre-metastatic niche in distant sites, including the liver. The complexity of angiogenic mechanisms and the exploitation of the vasculature in situ by cancer cells have limited the efficacy of currently available anti-angiogenic therapies. Delineating the molecular mechanisms implicated in colorectal liver metastases is crucial to understand and predict tumor progression; the development of distant metastases; and resistance to chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted treatment. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T02:39:06Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-b52740880ff343be9dd43833b6dad5e0 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4409 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T02:39:06Z |
| publishDate | 2023-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Cells |
| spelling | doaj.art-b52740880ff343be9dd43833b6dad5e02023-11-18T09:44:03ZengMDPI AGCells2073-44092023-06-011212165710.3390/cells12121657Molecular Mechanisms of Colorectal Liver MetastasesDiamantis I. Tsilimigras0Ioannis Ntanasis-Stathopoulos1Timothy M. Pawlik2Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and James Comprehensive Cancer Center, 395 W. 12th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USADepartment of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Alexandra General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, GreeceDepartment of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and James Comprehensive Cancer Center, 395 W. 12th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USAThe liver is the most frequently target for metastasis among patients with colorectal cancer mainly because of the portal vein circulation that directly connects the colon and rectum with the liver. The liver tumor microenvironment consists of different cell types each with unique characteristics and functions that modulate the antigen recognition and immune system activation. Primary tumors from other sites “prime” the liver prior to the seeding of cancer cells, creating a pre-metastatic niche. Following invasion into the liver, four different phases are key to the development of liver metastases: a microvascular phase in which cancer cells infiltrate and become trapped in sinusoidal vessels; an extravascular, pre-angiogenic phase; an angiogenic phase that supplies oxygen and nutrients to cancer cells; and a growth phase in which metastatic cells multiply and enlarge to form detectable tumors. Exosomes carry proteins, lipids, as well as genetic information that can create a pre-metastatic niche in distant sites, including the liver. The complexity of angiogenic mechanisms and the exploitation of the vasculature in situ by cancer cells have limited the efficacy of currently available anti-angiogenic therapies. Delineating the molecular mechanisms implicated in colorectal liver metastases is crucial to understand and predict tumor progression; the development of distant metastases; and resistance to chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted treatment.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/12/12/1657CRLMcellstumor microenvironment |
| spellingShingle | Diamantis I. Tsilimigras Ioannis Ntanasis-Stathopoulos Timothy M. Pawlik Molecular Mechanisms of Colorectal Liver Metastases Cells CRLM cells tumor microenvironment |
| title | Molecular Mechanisms of Colorectal Liver Metastases |
| title_full | Molecular Mechanisms of Colorectal Liver Metastases |
| title_fullStr | Molecular Mechanisms of Colorectal Liver Metastases |
| title_full_unstemmed | Molecular Mechanisms of Colorectal Liver Metastases |
| title_short | Molecular Mechanisms of Colorectal Liver Metastases |
| title_sort | molecular mechanisms of colorectal liver metastases |
| topic | CRLM cells tumor microenvironment |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/12/12/1657 |
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