Prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, obesity, multimorbidity, and related risk factors among adult Gambians: a cross-sectional nationwide study
Summary: Background: As countries progress through economic and demographic transition, chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) overtake a previous burden of infectious diseases. We investigated the prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and multimorbidity in older adults in The Gambia. Me...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Elsevier
2024-01-01
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| Series: | The Lancet Global Health |
| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214109X23005089 |
| _version_ | 1827584908019630080 |
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| author | Modou Jobe, FWACP Islay Mactaggart, PhD Suzannah Bell, MBChB Min J Kim, MPH Abba Hydara, MMedOpthalmol Covadonga Bascaran, MSc Modou Njai, MSc Omar Badjie, MSc Pablo Perel, ProfPhD Andrew M Prentice, ProfPhD Matthew J Burton, ProfPhD |
| author_facet | Modou Jobe, FWACP Islay Mactaggart, PhD Suzannah Bell, MBChB Min J Kim, MPH Abba Hydara, MMedOpthalmol Covadonga Bascaran, MSc Modou Njai, MSc Omar Badjie, MSc Pablo Perel, ProfPhD Andrew M Prentice, ProfPhD Matthew J Burton, ProfPhD |
| author_sort | Modou Jobe, FWACP |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Summary: Background: As countries progress through economic and demographic transition, chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) overtake a previous burden of infectious diseases. We investigated the prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and multimorbidity in older adults in The Gambia. Methods: We embedded a survey on NCDs into the nationally representative 2019 Gambia National Eye Health Survey of adults aged 35 years or older. We measured anthropometrics, capillary blood glucose, and blood pressure together with sociodemographic information, personal and family health history, and information on smoking and alcohol consumption. Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure of 140 mmHg or more, diastolic blood pressure of 90 mmHg or more, or receiving treatment for hypertension. Diabetes was defined as fasting capillary blood glucose of 7 mmol/L or more, random blood glucose of 11·1mmol/L or more, or previous diagnosis or treatment for diabetes. Overweight was defined as BMI of 25–29·9 kg/m2 and obesity as 30 kg/m2 or more. Multimorbidity was defined as the coexistence of two or more conditions. We calculated weighted crude and adjusted estimates for each outcome by sex, residence, and selected sociodemographic factors. Findings: We analysed data from 9188 participants (5039 [54·8%] from urban areas, 6478 [70·5%] women). The prevalence of hypertension was 47·0%; 2259 (49·3%) women, 2052 (44·7%) men. The prevalence increased with age, increasing from 30% in those aged 35–45 years to over 75% in those aged 75 years and older. Overweight and obesity increased the odds of hypertension, and underweight reduced the odds. The prevalence of diabetes was 6·3% (322 [7·0%] women, 255 [5·6%] men), increasing from 3·8% in those aged 35–44 years to 9·1% in those aged 65–75 years, and then declining. Diabetes was much more common among urban residents, especially in women (peaking at 13% by age 65 years). Diabetes was strongly associated with BMI and wealth index. The prevalence of obesity was 12·0% and was notably higher in women than men (880 [20·2%] vs 170 [3·9%]). Multimorbidity was present in 932 (10·7%), and was more common in women than men (694 [15·9] vs 238 [5·5]). The prevalence of smoking was 9·7%; 5 (0·1%) women, 889 (19·3%) men. Alcohol consumption in the past year was negligible. Interpretation: We have documented high levels of NCDs and associated risk factors in Gambian adults. This presents a major stress on the country's fragile health system that requires an urgent, concerted, and targeted mutisectoral strategy. Funding: The Queen Elizabeth Diamond Jubilee Trust and Wellcome Trust. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T23:38:03Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-b53bf80fbffb4a50bc69d87bc047b1f7 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2214-109X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T23:38:03Z |
| publishDate | 2024-01-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | The Lancet Global Health |
| spelling | doaj.art-b53bf80fbffb4a50bc69d87bc047b1f72023-12-14T05:22:50ZengElsevierThe Lancet Global Health2214-109X2024-01-01121e55e65Prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, obesity, multimorbidity, and related risk factors among adult Gambians: a cross-sectional nationwide studyModou Jobe, FWACP0Islay Mactaggart, PhD1Suzannah Bell, MBChB2Min J Kim, MPH3Abba Hydara, MMedOpthalmol4Covadonga Bascaran, MSc5Modou Njai, MSc6Omar Badjie, MSc7Pablo Perel, ProfPhD8Andrew M Prentice, ProfPhD9Matthew J Burton, ProfPhD10Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Fajara, Banjul, The Gambia; Correspondence to: Dr Modou Jobe, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Fajara, Banjul, The GambiaInternational Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UKMoorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UKInternational Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UKSheikh Zayed Regional Eye Care Centre, Banjul, The GambiaInternational Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UKDirectorate of Health Promotion & Education, Ministry of Health, Banjul, The GambiaDirectorate of Health Promotion & Education, Ministry of Health, Banjul, The GambiaDepartment of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UKMedical Research Council Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Fajara, Banjul, The GambiaInternational Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UKSummary: Background: As countries progress through economic and demographic transition, chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) overtake a previous burden of infectious diseases. We investigated the prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and multimorbidity in older adults in The Gambia. Methods: We embedded a survey on NCDs into the nationally representative 2019 Gambia National Eye Health Survey of adults aged 35 years or older. We measured anthropometrics, capillary blood glucose, and blood pressure together with sociodemographic information, personal and family health history, and information on smoking and alcohol consumption. Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure of 140 mmHg or more, diastolic blood pressure of 90 mmHg or more, or receiving treatment for hypertension. Diabetes was defined as fasting capillary blood glucose of 7 mmol/L or more, random blood glucose of 11·1mmol/L or more, or previous diagnosis or treatment for diabetes. Overweight was defined as BMI of 25–29·9 kg/m2 and obesity as 30 kg/m2 or more. Multimorbidity was defined as the coexistence of two or more conditions. We calculated weighted crude and adjusted estimates for each outcome by sex, residence, and selected sociodemographic factors. Findings: We analysed data from 9188 participants (5039 [54·8%] from urban areas, 6478 [70·5%] women). The prevalence of hypertension was 47·0%; 2259 (49·3%) women, 2052 (44·7%) men. The prevalence increased with age, increasing from 30% in those aged 35–45 years to over 75% in those aged 75 years and older. Overweight and obesity increased the odds of hypertension, and underweight reduced the odds. The prevalence of diabetes was 6·3% (322 [7·0%] women, 255 [5·6%] men), increasing from 3·8% in those aged 35–44 years to 9·1% in those aged 65–75 years, and then declining. Diabetes was much more common among urban residents, especially in women (peaking at 13% by age 65 years). Diabetes was strongly associated with BMI and wealth index. The prevalence of obesity was 12·0% and was notably higher in women than men (880 [20·2%] vs 170 [3·9%]). Multimorbidity was present in 932 (10·7%), and was more common in women than men (694 [15·9] vs 238 [5·5]). The prevalence of smoking was 9·7%; 5 (0·1%) women, 889 (19·3%) men. Alcohol consumption in the past year was negligible. Interpretation: We have documented high levels of NCDs and associated risk factors in Gambian adults. This presents a major stress on the country's fragile health system that requires an urgent, concerted, and targeted mutisectoral strategy. Funding: The Queen Elizabeth Diamond Jubilee Trust and Wellcome Trust.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214109X23005089 |
| spellingShingle | Modou Jobe, FWACP Islay Mactaggart, PhD Suzannah Bell, MBChB Min J Kim, MPH Abba Hydara, MMedOpthalmol Covadonga Bascaran, MSc Modou Njai, MSc Omar Badjie, MSc Pablo Perel, ProfPhD Andrew M Prentice, ProfPhD Matthew J Burton, ProfPhD Prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, obesity, multimorbidity, and related risk factors among adult Gambians: a cross-sectional nationwide study The Lancet Global Health |
| title | Prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, obesity, multimorbidity, and related risk factors among adult Gambians: a cross-sectional nationwide study |
| title_full | Prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, obesity, multimorbidity, and related risk factors among adult Gambians: a cross-sectional nationwide study |
| title_fullStr | Prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, obesity, multimorbidity, and related risk factors among adult Gambians: a cross-sectional nationwide study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, obesity, multimorbidity, and related risk factors among adult Gambians: a cross-sectional nationwide study |
| title_short | Prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, obesity, multimorbidity, and related risk factors among adult Gambians: a cross-sectional nationwide study |
| title_sort | prevalence of hypertension diabetes obesity multimorbidity and related risk factors among adult gambians a cross sectional nationwide study |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214109X23005089 |
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