Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy for Measurements of Vehicle Exhaust Emissions: A Review
Pollution from vehicles is a serious concern for the environment and human health. Vehicle emission regulations worldwide have limits for pollutants such as hydrocarbons, CO, and NO<sub>x</sub>. The measurements are typically conducted at engine dynamometers (heavy-duty engines) sampling...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-08-01
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| Series: | Applied Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/16/7416 |
| _version_ | 1827686028309168128 |
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| author | Barouch Giechaskiel Michaël Clairotte |
| author_facet | Barouch Giechaskiel Michaël Clairotte |
| author_sort | Barouch Giechaskiel |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Pollution from vehicles is a serious concern for the environment and human health. Vehicle emission regulations worldwide have limits for pollutants such as hydrocarbons, CO, and NO<sub>x</sub>. The measurements are typically conducted at engine dynamometers (heavy-duty engines) sampling from the tailpipe or at chassis dynamometers (light-duty vehicles) sampling from the dilution tunnel. The latest regulations focused on the actual emissions of the vehicles on the road. Greenhouse gases (GHG) (such as CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, N<sub>2</sub>O), and NH<sub>3</sub> have also been the subject of some regulations. One instrument that can measure many gaseous compounds simultaneously is the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer. In this review the studies that assessed FTIRs since the 1980s are summarized. Studies with calibration gases or vehicle exhaust gas in comparison with well-established techniques were included. The main conclusion is that FTIRs, even when used at the tailpipe and not at the dilution tunnel, provide comparable results with other well-established techniques for CO<sub>2</sub>, CO, NO<sub>x</sub>, while for hydrocarbons, higher deviations were noticed. The introduction of FTIRs in the regulation needs a careful description of the technical requirements, especially interference tests. Although the limited results of prototype portable FTIRs for on-road measurement are promising, their performance at the wide range of environmental conditions (temperature, pressure, vibrations) needs further studies. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T09:02:42Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-b53e409de1434f03b55cf1c382932485 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3417 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T09:02:42Z |
| publishDate | 2021-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Applied Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-b53e409de1434f03b55cf1c3829324852023-11-22T06:41:24ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172021-08-011116741610.3390/app11167416Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy for Measurements of Vehicle Exhaust Emissions: A ReviewBarouch Giechaskiel0Michaël Clairotte1European Commission—Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, ItalyEuropean Commission—Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, ItalyPollution from vehicles is a serious concern for the environment and human health. Vehicle emission regulations worldwide have limits for pollutants such as hydrocarbons, CO, and NO<sub>x</sub>. The measurements are typically conducted at engine dynamometers (heavy-duty engines) sampling from the tailpipe or at chassis dynamometers (light-duty vehicles) sampling from the dilution tunnel. The latest regulations focused on the actual emissions of the vehicles on the road. Greenhouse gases (GHG) (such as CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, N<sub>2</sub>O), and NH<sub>3</sub> have also been the subject of some regulations. One instrument that can measure many gaseous compounds simultaneously is the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer. In this review the studies that assessed FTIRs since the 1980s are summarized. Studies with calibration gases or vehicle exhaust gas in comparison with well-established techniques were included. The main conclusion is that FTIRs, even when used at the tailpipe and not at the dilution tunnel, provide comparable results with other well-established techniques for CO<sub>2</sub>, CO, NO<sub>x</sub>, while for hydrocarbons, higher deviations were noticed. The introduction of FTIRs in the regulation needs a careful description of the technical requirements, especially interference tests. Although the limited results of prototype portable FTIRs for on-road measurement are promising, their performance at the wide range of environmental conditions (temperature, pressure, vibrations) needs further studies.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/16/7416FTIRNDIRNDUVCLANH<sub>3</sub>formaldehyde |
| spellingShingle | Barouch Giechaskiel Michaël Clairotte Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy for Measurements of Vehicle Exhaust Emissions: A Review Applied Sciences FTIR NDIR NDUV CLA NH<sub>3</sub> formaldehyde |
| title | Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy for Measurements of Vehicle Exhaust Emissions: A Review |
| title_full | Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy for Measurements of Vehicle Exhaust Emissions: A Review |
| title_fullStr | Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy for Measurements of Vehicle Exhaust Emissions: A Review |
| title_full_unstemmed | Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy for Measurements of Vehicle Exhaust Emissions: A Review |
| title_short | Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy for Measurements of Vehicle Exhaust Emissions: A Review |
| title_sort | fourier transform infrared ftir spectroscopy for measurements of vehicle exhaust emissions a review |
| topic | FTIR NDIR NDUV CLA NH<sub>3</sub> formaldehyde |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/16/7416 |
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