Enterotoxin Gene Cluster and <i>selX</i> Are Associated with Atopic Dermatitis Severity—A Cross-Sectional Molecular Study of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Superantigens
<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> superantigens (SAgs) have been reported to aggravate atopic dermatitis. However, comprehensive analyses of these molecules in multiple microniches are lacking. The present study involved 50 adult patients with active atopic dermatitis. <i>S. aureus</...
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MDPI AG
2022-12-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/11/23/3921 |
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| author | Leszek Blicharz Maciej Żochowski Ksenia Szymanek-Majchrzak Joanna Czuwara Mohamad Goldust Krzysztof Skowroński Grażyna Młynarczyk Małgorzata Olszewska Zbigniew Samochocki Lidia Rudnicka |
| author_facet | Leszek Blicharz Maciej Żochowski Ksenia Szymanek-Majchrzak Joanna Czuwara Mohamad Goldust Krzysztof Skowroński Grażyna Młynarczyk Małgorzata Olszewska Zbigniew Samochocki Lidia Rudnicka |
| author_sort | Leszek Blicharz |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> superantigens (SAgs) have been reported to aggravate atopic dermatitis. However, comprehensive analyses of these molecules in multiple microniches are lacking. The present study involved 50 adult patients with active atopic dermatitis. <i>S. aureus</i> was isolated from the lesional skin, nonlesional skin, and anterior nares. Multiplex-PCR was performed to identify genes encoding (1) <i>selX</i> (core genome); (2) <i>seg, selI, selM, selN, selO, selU</i> (enterotoxin gene cluster, EGC); and (3) <i>sea, seb, sec, sed, see, tstH</i> (classic SAgs encoded on other mobile genetic elements). The results were correlated to clinical parameters of the study group. <i>selx</i> and EGC were the most prevalent in all microniches. The number of SAg-encoding genes correlated between the anterior nares and nonlesional skin, and between the nonlesional and lesional skin. On lesional skin, the total number of SAg genes correlated with disease severity (total and objective SCORAD, intensity, erythema, edema/papulation, lichenification and dryness). Linear regression revealed that AD severity was predicted only by <i>selx</i> and EGC. This study revealed that <i>selX</i> and EGC are associated with atopic dermatitis severity. Anterior nares and nonlesional skin could be reservoirs of SAg-positive <i>S. aureus</i>. Restoring the physiological microbiome could reduce the SAg burden and alleviate syndromes of atopic dermatitis. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T17:50:41Z |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4409 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T17:50:41Z |
| publishDate | 2022-12-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-b5498408321942fcb64f49c5221dd02c2023-11-24T10:46:01ZengMDPI AGCells2073-44092022-12-011123392110.3390/cells11233921Enterotoxin Gene Cluster and <i>selX</i> Are Associated with Atopic Dermatitis Severity—A Cross-Sectional Molecular Study of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> SuperantigensLeszek Blicharz0Maciej Żochowski1Ksenia Szymanek-Majchrzak2Joanna Czuwara3Mohamad Goldust4Krzysztof Skowroński5Grażyna Młynarczyk6Małgorzata Olszewska7Zbigniew Samochocki8Lidia Rudnicka9Department of Dermatology, Medial University of Warsaw, 02-008 Warsaw, PolandDepartment of Dermatology, Medial University of Warsaw, 02-008 Warsaw, PolandDepartment of Medical Microbiology, Medial University of Warsaw, 02-004 Warsaw, PolandDepartment of Dermatology, Medial University of Warsaw, 02-008 Warsaw, PolandDepartment of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519, USAApplied Analytics and Predictive Modelling Group, 00-001 Warsaw, PolandDepartment of Medical Microbiology, Medial University of Warsaw, 02-004 Warsaw, PolandDepartment of Dermatology, Medial University of Warsaw, 02-008 Warsaw, PolandDepartment of Dermatology, Medial University of Warsaw, 02-008 Warsaw, PolandDepartment of Dermatology, Medial University of Warsaw, 02-008 Warsaw, Poland<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> superantigens (SAgs) have been reported to aggravate atopic dermatitis. However, comprehensive analyses of these molecules in multiple microniches are lacking. The present study involved 50 adult patients with active atopic dermatitis. <i>S. aureus</i> was isolated from the lesional skin, nonlesional skin, and anterior nares. Multiplex-PCR was performed to identify genes encoding (1) <i>selX</i> (core genome); (2) <i>seg, selI, selM, selN, selO, selU</i> (enterotoxin gene cluster, EGC); and (3) <i>sea, seb, sec, sed, see, tstH</i> (classic SAgs encoded on other mobile genetic elements). The results were correlated to clinical parameters of the study group. <i>selx</i> and EGC were the most prevalent in all microniches. The number of SAg-encoding genes correlated between the anterior nares and nonlesional skin, and between the nonlesional and lesional skin. On lesional skin, the total number of SAg genes correlated with disease severity (total and objective SCORAD, intensity, erythema, edema/papulation, lichenification and dryness). Linear regression revealed that AD severity was predicted only by <i>selx</i> and EGC. This study revealed that <i>selX</i> and EGC are associated with atopic dermatitis severity. Anterior nares and nonlesional skin could be reservoirs of SAg-positive <i>S. aureus</i>. Restoring the physiological microbiome could reduce the SAg burden and alleviate syndromes of atopic dermatitis.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/11/23/3921atopic dermatitisenterotoxinenterotoxin-likeenterotoxin gene clustermicrobiome<i>selx</i> |
| spellingShingle | Leszek Blicharz Maciej Żochowski Ksenia Szymanek-Majchrzak Joanna Czuwara Mohamad Goldust Krzysztof Skowroński Grażyna Młynarczyk Małgorzata Olszewska Zbigniew Samochocki Lidia Rudnicka Enterotoxin Gene Cluster and <i>selX</i> Are Associated with Atopic Dermatitis Severity—A Cross-Sectional Molecular Study of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Superantigens Cells atopic dermatitis enterotoxin enterotoxin-like enterotoxin gene cluster microbiome <i>selx</i> |
| title | Enterotoxin Gene Cluster and <i>selX</i> Are Associated with Atopic Dermatitis Severity—A Cross-Sectional Molecular Study of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Superantigens |
| title_full | Enterotoxin Gene Cluster and <i>selX</i> Are Associated with Atopic Dermatitis Severity—A Cross-Sectional Molecular Study of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Superantigens |
| title_fullStr | Enterotoxin Gene Cluster and <i>selX</i> Are Associated with Atopic Dermatitis Severity—A Cross-Sectional Molecular Study of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Superantigens |
| title_full_unstemmed | Enterotoxin Gene Cluster and <i>selX</i> Are Associated with Atopic Dermatitis Severity—A Cross-Sectional Molecular Study of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Superantigens |
| title_short | Enterotoxin Gene Cluster and <i>selX</i> Are Associated with Atopic Dermatitis Severity—A Cross-Sectional Molecular Study of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Superantigens |
| title_sort | enterotoxin gene cluster and i selx i are associated with atopic dermatitis severity a cross sectional molecular study of i staphylococcus aureus i superantigens |
| topic | atopic dermatitis enterotoxin enterotoxin-like enterotoxin gene cluster microbiome <i>selx</i> |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/11/23/3921 |
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