Cross-Sectional Analyses of Factors Related to Digital Eye Strain Symptoms Among Children Using Online Learning Devices During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Thailand
Supapan Chattinnakorn,1 Kullawan Chaicharoenpong,2 Krit Pongpirul3 1Department of Ophthalmology, Prapokklao Hospital, Chanthaburi, 22000, Thailand; 2Department of Community Medicine, Prapokklao Hospital, Chanthaburi, 22000, Thailand; 3Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Chulalongkorn Unive...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Dove Medical Press
2023-06-01
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| Series: | Clinical Ophthalmology |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.dovepress.com/cross-sectional-analyses-of-factors-related-to-digital-eye-strain-symp-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-OPTH |
| _version_ | 1797789377384939520 |
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| author | Chattinnakorn S Chaicharoenpong K Pongpirul K |
| author_facet | Chattinnakorn S Chaicharoenpong K Pongpirul K |
| author_sort | Chattinnakorn S |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Supapan Chattinnakorn,1 Kullawan Chaicharoenpong,2 Krit Pongpirul3 1Department of Ophthalmology, Prapokklao Hospital, Chanthaburi, 22000, Thailand; 2Department of Community Medicine, Prapokklao Hospital, Chanthaburi, 22000, Thailand; 3Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, ThailandCorrespondence: Supapan Chattinnakorn, Department of Ophthalmology, Prapokklao Hospital, Chanthaburi, 22000, Thailand, Tel +66813405538, Fax +6639324861, Email supapan.ch@cpird.in.thPurpose: Globally, the COVID-19 pandemic has influenced academic studies. Since 2019, most schools in Thailand have implemented online learning. Thus, several students are experiencing eye problems, including stinging, blurred vision, and epiphora. This study investigated the prevalence, eye symptoms, and characteristics associated with digital eye strain (DES) in children using digital devices.Patients and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a self-administered electronic questionnaire via google forms was used to collect demographic data, digital device information, and DES characteristic information in children of age 8– 18 years using online digital devices. The data collection was conducted between December 2021 and January 2022. Moreover, multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the potential characteristics associated with DES in children.Results: From a total of 844 parents, 782 parents completed the questionnaire. The mean age of the children was 12.42 ± 2.82 years (8– 18 years). During the pandemic, the most common duration of using digital devices was > 8 hours (39.90%), compared to only 2– 4 hours (36.70%) before. The prevalence of DES was 42.2% (330/782), divided into mild (29.8%), moderate (8.1%), and severe (4.3%) symptoms. The most common symptoms of DES included: a burning sensation in the eyes (55.24%), fear of worsening eyesight (53.07%), and excessive blinking of eyes (48.33%). The associated characteristics with DES were advanced age (OR=1.21, P< 0.001), refractive error with (OR=2.04, P=0.004) and without (OR=6.11, P< 0.001) correction, and unknown refractive error (OR=2.85, P< 0.001).Conclusion: The use of digital devices are inevitable; therefore, regulating the duration of study and entertainment using digital devices, especially in older ages, and correcting refractive error in children, is necessary to ameliorate DES.Keywords: computer vision syndrome, COVID-19 pandemic, online study, digital devices |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-13T01:49:51Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-b57bce4449174160baba2b45553d9ba3 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1177-5483 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-13T01:49:51Z |
| publishDate | 2023-06-01 |
| publisher | Dove Medical Press |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Clinical Ophthalmology |
| spelling | doaj.art-b57bce4449174160baba2b45553d9ba32023-07-02T19:49:18ZengDove Medical PressClinical Ophthalmology1177-54832023-06-01Volume 171769177684604Cross-Sectional Analyses of Factors Related to Digital Eye Strain Symptoms Among Children Using Online Learning Devices During the COVID-19 Pandemic in ThailandChattinnakorn SChaicharoenpong KPongpirul KSupapan Chattinnakorn,1 Kullawan Chaicharoenpong,2 Krit Pongpirul3 1Department of Ophthalmology, Prapokklao Hospital, Chanthaburi, 22000, Thailand; 2Department of Community Medicine, Prapokklao Hospital, Chanthaburi, 22000, Thailand; 3Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, ThailandCorrespondence: Supapan Chattinnakorn, Department of Ophthalmology, Prapokklao Hospital, Chanthaburi, 22000, Thailand, Tel +66813405538, Fax +6639324861, Email supapan.ch@cpird.in.thPurpose: Globally, the COVID-19 pandemic has influenced academic studies. Since 2019, most schools in Thailand have implemented online learning. Thus, several students are experiencing eye problems, including stinging, blurred vision, and epiphora. This study investigated the prevalence, eye symptoms, and characteristics associated with digital eye strain (DES) in children using digital devices.Patients and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a self-administered electronic questionnaire via google forms was used to collect demographic data, digital device information, and DES characteristic information in children of age 8– 18 years using online digital devices. The data collection was conducted between December 2021 and January 2022. Moreover, multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the potential characteristics associated with DES in children.Results: From a total of 844 parents, 782 parents completed the questionnaire. The mean age of the children was 12.42 ± 2.82 years (8– 18 years). During the pandemic, the most common duration of using digital devices was > 8 hours (39.90%), compared to only 2– 4 hours (36.70%) before. The prevalence of DES was 42.2% (330/782), divided into mild (29.8%), moderate (8.1%), and severe (4.3%) symptoms. The most common symptoms of DES included: a burning sensation in the eyes (55.24%), fear of worsening eyesight (53.07%), and excessive blinking of eyes (48.33%). The associated characteristics with DES were advanced age (OR=1.21, P< 0.001), refractive error with (OR=2.04, P=0.004) and without (OR=6.11, P< 0.001) correction, and unknown refractive error (OR=2.85, P< 0.001).Conclusion: The use of digital devices are inevitable; therefore, regulating the duration of study and entertainment using digital devices, especially in older ages, and correcting refractive error in children, is necessary to ameliorate DES.Keywords: computer vision syndrome, COVID-19 pandemic, online study, digital deviceshttps://www.dovepress.com/cross-sectional-analyses-of-factors-related-to-digital-eye-strain-symp-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-OPTHcomputer vision syndromecovid-19 pandemiconline studydigital devices |
| spellingShingle | Chattinnakorn S Chaicharoenpong K Pongpirul K Cross-Sectional Analyses of Factors Related to Digital Eye Strain Symptoms Among Children Using Online Learning Devices During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Thailand Clinical Ophthalmology computer vision syndrome covid-19 pandemic online study digital devices |
| title | Cross-Sectional Analyses of Factors Related to Digital Eye Strain Symptoms Among Children Using Online Learning Devices During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Thailand |
| title_full | Cross-Sectional Analyses of Factors Related to Digital Eye Strain Symptoms Among Children Using Online Learning Devices During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Thailand |
| title_fullStr | Cross-Sectional Analyses of Factors Related to Digital Eye Strain Symptoms Among Children Using Online Learning Devices During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Thailand |
| title_full_unstemmed | Cross-Sectional Analyses of Factors Related to Digital Eye Strain Symptoms Among Children Using Online Learning Devices During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Thailand |
| title_short | Cross-Sectional Analyses of Factors Related to Digital Eye Strain Symptoms Among Children Using Online Learning Devices During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Thailand |
| title_sort | cross sectional analyses of factors related to digital eye strain symptoms among children using online learning devices during the covid 19 pandemic in thailand |
| topic | computer vision syndrome covid-19 pandemic online study digital devices |
| url | https://www.dovepress.com/cross-sectional-analyses-of-factors-related-to-digital-eye-strain-symp-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-OPTH |
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