<i>Toll-like Receptor 9</i> Gene in the Development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in the Saudi Arabian Population
Diabetes mellitus is a complex disease with a wide range of manifestations. Diabetes, notably type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), is becoming more common in Saudi Arabia as a result of obesity and an aging population. T2DM is classified as a noncommunicable disease, and its incidence in the Saudi popul...
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MDPI AG
2023-11-01
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| author | Zeina S. Alkudmani Aminah Ahmad Alzailai Khaled H. Aburisheh Amal F. Alshammary Imran Ali Khan |
| author_facet | Zeina S. Alkudmani Aminah Ahmad Alzailai Khaled H. Aburisheh Amal F. Alshammary Imran Ali Khan |
| author_sort | Zeina S. Alkudmani |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Diabetes mellitus is a complex disease with a wide range of manifestations. Diabetes, notably type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), is becoming more common in Saudi Arabia as a result of obesity and an aging population. T2DM is classified as a noncommunicable disease, and its incidence in the Saudi population continues to grow as a consequence of socioeconomic changes. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are innate immune receptors that mediate the inflammatory response in diabetes mellitus. Previous studies have documented the relationship between different SNPs in the <i>TLR9</i> gene in different forms of diabetes. As a result, the purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between rs187084, rs352140, and rs5743836 SNPs in the <i>TLR9</i> gene among T2DM patients in the Saudi population. This was a case-control study that included 100 T2DM cases and 100 control subjects. The three SNPs were identified in the study population (n = 200) using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), restriction enzymes for rs352140, and Sanger sequencing for rs187084 and rs5783836. Next, statistical analyses were performed using various software to determine the association between the SNPs and T2DM. rs187084 and rs5743836 were associated with an increased risk of T2DM development. rs187084 and rs5743836 allelic frequencies were associated with a 3.2 times increased risk of T2DM development (<i>p</i> < 0.05). DBP was associated with T2DM (<i>p</i> = 0.02). rs187084 was associated with TC and HDLc; rs352140 was associated with DBP, HbA1c, and HDLc; rs5743836 was associated with waist (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The CGT haplotype was strongly associated with T2DM (<i>p</i> < 0.003). Gene–gene interaction, graphical presentation, and dendrogram showed the strong association with T2DM patients (<i>p</i> < 0.05). This study concluded that rs187084 and rs5743836 were strongly associated with T2DM in Saudi Arabian patients. This study provides further evidence that SNPs in the <i>TLR9</i> gene play a significant role in T2DM development in a Saudi community. |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2079-7737 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T17:00:52Z |
| publishDate | 2023-11-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-b59c04e2de474296b452504b3332a2e42023-11-24T14:30:28ZengMDPI AGBiology2079-77372023-11-011211143910.3390/biology12111439<i>Toll-like Receptor 9</i> Gene in the Development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in the Saudi Arabian PopulationZeina S. Alkudmani0Aminah Ahmad Alzailai1Khaled H. Aburisheh2Amal F. Alshammary3Imran Ali Khan4Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi ArabiaUniversity Diabetes Center, King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh 11472, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi ArabiaDiabetes mellitus is a complex disease with a wide range of manifestations. Diabetes, notably type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), is becoming more common in Saudi Arabia as a result of obesity and an aging population. T2DM is classified as a noncommunicable disease, and its incidence in the Saudi population continues to grow as a consequence of socioeconomic changes. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are innate immune receptors that mediate the inflammatory response in diabetes mellitus. Previous studies have documented the relationship between different SNPs in the <i>TLR9</i> gene in different forms of diabetes. As a result, the purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between rs187084, rs352140, and rs5743836 SNPs in the <i>TLR9</i> gene among T2DM patients in the Saudi population. This was a case-control study that included 100 T2DM cases and 100 control subjects. The three SNPs were identified in the study population (n = 200) using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), restriction enzymes for rs352140, and Sanger sequencing for rs187084 and rs5783836. Next, statistical analyses were performed using various software to determine the association between the SNPs and T2DM. rs187084 and rs5743836 were associated with an increased risk of T2DM development. rs187084 and rs5743836 allelic frequencies were associated with a 3.2 times increased risk of T2DM development (<i>p</i> < 0.05). DBP was associated with T2DM (<i>p</i> = 0.02). rs187084 was associated with TC and HDLc; rs352140 was associated with DBP, HbA1c, and HDLc; rs5743836 was associated with waist (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The CGT haplotype was strongly associated with T2DM (<i>p</i> < 0.003). Gene–gene interaction, graphical presentation, and dendrogram showed the strong association with T2DM patients (<i>p</i> < 0.05). This study concluded that rs187084 and rs5743836 were strongly associated with T2DM in Saudi Arabian patients. This study provides further evidence that SNPs in the <i>TLR9</i> gene play a significant role in T2DM development in a Saudi community.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/12/11/1439diabetes mellitustype 2 diabetes mellitus/T2DM<i>TLR9</i> geners187084rs352140rs5743836 |
| spellingShingle | Zeina S. Alkudmani Aminah Ahmad Alzailai Khaled H. Aburisheh Amal F. Alshammary Imran Ali Khan <i>Toll-like Receptor 9</i> Gene in the Development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in the Saudi Arabian Population Biology diabetes mellitus type 2 diabetes mellitus/T2DM <i>TLR9</i> gene rs187084 rs352140 rs5743836 |
| title | <i>Toll-like Receptor 9</i> Gene in the Development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in the Saudi Arabian Population |
| title_full | <i>Toll-like Receptor 9</i> Gene in the Development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in the Saudi Arabian Population |
| title_fullStr | <i>Toll-like Receptor 9</i> Gene in the Development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in the Saudi Arabian Population |
| title_full_unstemmed | <i>Toll-like Receptor 9</i> Gene in the Development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in the Saudi Arabian Population |
| title_short | <i>Toll-like Receptor 9</i> Gene in the Development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in the Saudi Arabian Population |
| title_sort | i toll like receptor 9 i gene in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the saudi arabian population |
| topic | diabetes mellitus type 2 diabetes mellitus/T2DM <i>TLR9</i> gene rs187084 rs352140 rs5743836 |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/12/11/1439 |
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