Protocatechuic acid as a potent anticarcinogenic compound in purple rice bran against diethylnitrosamine-initiated rat hepatocarcinogenesis
Abstract Our previous study demonstrated that purple rice bran extract (PRBE) could inhibit diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced hepatocarcinogenesis. Protocatechuic acid (PCA) is the major phenolic acid contained in the PRBE. Therefore, this study aimed to determine whether PCA is an anticarcinogenic c...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Nature Portfolio
2022-06-01
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| Series: | Scientific Reports |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-14888-2 |
| _version_ | 1818550421106458624 |
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| author | Charatda Punvittayagul Theerapat Luangsuphabool Rawiwan Wongpoomchai |
| author_facet | Charatda Punvittayagul Theerapat Luangsuphabool Rawiwan Wongpoomchai |
| author_sort | Charatda Punvittayagul |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Our previous study demonstrated that purple rice bran extract (PRBE) could inhibit diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced hepatocarcinogenesis. Protocatechuic acid (PCA) is the major phenolic acid contained in the PRBE. Therefore, this study aimed to determine whether PCA is an anticarcinogenic compound in purple rice extract. Rats were intraperitoneally injected with DEN to induce glutathione S-transferase placental form (GST-P)-positive foci. Rats were fed with PRBE at 500 mg kg−1 body weight or PCA at 4 mg kg−1 body weight for 5 and 15 weeks. PCA administration attenuated DEN-induced hepatic GST-P positive foci to a degree similar to PRBE. The molecular mechanisms of PCA in the initiation stage were correlated with reduced activity of cytochrome P450 reductase and induction of glutathione S-transferase. In addition, PCA also downregulated the expression of TNF-α and IL-1β genes in rat liver. These genes are associated with the inhibition of inflammation. In the promotion stage, PCA suppressed cell proliferation correlated with the downregulation of Cyclin D1 expression. Moreover, it also induced apoptosis, indicated by increased expression of P53 and Bad genes, and decreased the expression of the anti-apoptotic Bcl-xl in DEN-initiated rats. These findings suggest that PCA is an active compound in the anticarcinogenic action of purple rice bran. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-12T08:46:14Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-b5a671073ce7413e83da5fc6bcd5aeb8 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2045-2322 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-12T08:46:14Z |
| publishDate | 2022-06-01 |
| publisher | Nature Portfolio |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Scientific Reports |
| spelling | doaj.art-b5a671073ce7413e83da5fc6bcd5aeb82022-12-22T00:30:31ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222022-06-0112111010.1038/s41598-022-14888-2Protocatechuic acid as a potent anticarcinogenic compound in purple rice bran against diethylnitrosamine-initiated rat hepatocarcinogenesisCharatda Punvittayagul0Theerapat Luangsuphabool1Rawiwan Wongpoomchai2Research Affairs, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai UniversityBiotechnology Research and Development Office, Department of AgricultureDepartment of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai UniversityAbstract Our previous study demonstrated that purple rice bran extract (PRBE) could inhibit diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced hepatocarcinogenesis. Protocatechuic acid (PCA) is the major phenolic acid contained in the PRBE. Therefore, this study aimed to determine whether PCA is an anticarcinogenic compound in purple rice extract. Rats were intraperitoneally injected with DEN to induce glutathione S-transferase placental form (GST-P)-positive foci. Rats were fed with PRBE at 500 mg kg−1 body weight or PCA at 4 mg kg−1 body weight for 5 and 15 weeks. PCA administration attenuated DEN-induced hepatic GST-P positive foci to a degree similar to PRBE. The molecular mechanisms of PCA in the initiation stage were correlated with reduced activity of cytochrome P450 reductase and induction of glutathione S-transferase. In addition, PCA also downregulated the expression of TNF-α and IL-1β genes in rat liver. These genes are associated with the inhibition of inflammation. In the promotion stage, PCA suppressed cell proliferation correlated with the downregulation of Cyclin D1 expression. Moreover, it also induced apoptosis, indicated by increased expression of P53 and Bad genes, and decreased the expression of the anti-apoptotic Bcl-xl in DEN-initiated rats. These findings suggest that PCA is an active compound in the anticarcinogenic action of purple rice bran.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-14888-2 |
| spellingShingle | Charatda Punvittayagul Theerapat Luangsuphabool Rawiwan Wongpoomchai Protocatechuic acid as a potent anticarcinogenic compound in purple rice bran against diethylnitrosamine-initiated rat hepatocarcinogenesis Scientific Reports |
| title | Protocatechuic acid as a potent anticarcinogenic compound in purple rice bran against diethylnitrosamine-initiated rat hepatocarcinogenesis |
| title_full | Protocatechuic acid as a potent anticarcinogenic compound in purple rice bran against diethylnitrosamine-initiated rat hepatocarcinogenesis |
| title_fullStr | Protocatechuic acid as a potent anticarcinogenic compound in purple rice bran against diethylnitrosamine-initiated rat hepatocarcinogenesis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Protocatechuic acid as a potent anticarcinogenic compound in purple rice bran against diethylnitrosamine-initiated rat hepatocarcinogenesis |
| title_short | Protocatechuic acid as a potent anticarcinogenic compound in purple rice bran against diethylnitrosamine-initiated rat hepatocarcinogenesis |
| title_sort | protocatechuic acid as a potent anticarcinogenic compound in purple rice bran against diethylnitrosamine initiated rat hepatocarcinogenesis |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-14888-2 |
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