Monitoring of imidacloprid residues in fresh fruits and vegetables from the central parts of Jordan
Imidacloprid pesticide is widely utilized in agriculture due to its effectiveness in controlling a broad spectrum of insect pests. However, its usage has raised concerns about potential environmental impacts, and requires careful monitoring and responsible application to ensure sustainable agricultu...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Elsevier
2023-11-01
|
| Series: | Heliyon |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844023093441 |
| _version_ | 1797429713222762496 |
|---|---|
| author | Jehad S. Al-Hawadi Rabea S. Al-Sayaydeh Ziad B. Al-Rawashdeh Jamal Y. Ayad |
| author_facet | Jehad S. Al-Hawadi Rabea S. Al-Sayaydeh Ziad B. Al-Rawashdeh Jamal Y. Ayad |
| author_sort | Jehad S. Al-Hawadi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Imidacloprid pesticide is widely utilized in agriculture due to its effectiveness in controlling a broad spectrum of insect pests. However, its usage has raised concerns about potential environmental impacts, and requires careful monitoring and responsible application to ensure sustainable agricultural practices. Thus, Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was utilized to analyze imidacloprid in 300 vegetable and fruit samples obtained from 15 major wholesalers in four regions of Amman, Jordan's capital city. Among the examined samples, 39.7 % were found to be contaminated with imidacloprid residues. Imidacloprid levels in different edible fruits and vegetables ranged from less than the Limit of Quantification (LOQ) to 0.40 mg kg−1. Significantly, eggplant and apples exhibited the highest average values (0.40 and 0.25 mg kg−1, respectively). Lower levels were detected in bananas (0.04 mg kg−1), potatoes (0.05 mg kg−1), grapes (0.07 mg kg−1), and cabbage (0.07 mg kg−1). Imidacloprid was below the method detection limit (BD) in samples of okra, peaches, apricots, and carrots. Overall, 25 samples (8.3 %) exceeded the Codex maximum residue limit (MRL) for imidacloprid. Moreover, 8 out of the 300 samples (2.7 %) exceeded the MRL established by the Pest Management Regulatory Agency (PMRA). Notably, the fruits of eggplant and apple contained the highest residual levels (1.30 and 0.83 mg kg−1, respectively), markedly exceeding the CODEX and PMRA MRLs. Additionally, the maximum detected imidacloprid residue concentration in bananas (0.25 mg kg−1) was 500 % higher than the CODEX MRLs. The estimated average daily intake (EDI) of the Amman population varied from 0.00 to 0.144 μg kg−1 body weight day−1 across various products. The hazard index (HI) for imidacloprid ranged from 0.00 to 0.24, all of which were below unity in all samples (<1). In conclusion, this investigation reveals low HI levels of imidacloprid residues in commonly consumed fruits and vegetables. However, the significant presence of imidacloprid residues in some samples highlights the urgent need for comprehensive measures to limit potential health hazards to consumers. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T09:17:06Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-b5c280c94d0b494ba953fead120b3225 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2405-8440 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T09:17:06Z |
| publishDate | 2023-11-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Heliyon |
| spelling | doaj.art-b5c280c94d0b494ba953fead120b32252023-12-02T07:05:17ZengElsevierHeliyon2405-84402023-11-01911e22136Monitoring of imidacloprid residues in fresh fruits and vegetables from the central parts of JordanJehad S. Al-Hawadi0Rabea S. Al-Sayaydeh1Ziad B. Al-Rawashdeh2Jamal Y. Ayad3Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Science, Zarqa University, Zarqa 13110, JordanDepartment of Agriculture Sciences, Faculty of Shoubak College, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-Salt 19117, JordanDepartment of Agriculture Sciences, Faculty of Shoubak College, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-Salt 19117, JordanDepartment of Horticulture and Crop Science, School of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan; Corresponding author.Imidacloprid pesticide is widely utilized in agriculture due to its effectiveness in controlling a broad spectrum of insect pests. However, its usage has raised concerns about potential environmental impacts, and requires careful monitoring and responsible application to ensure sustainable agricultural practices. Thus, Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was utilized to analyze imidacloprid in 300 vegetable and fruit samples obtained from 15 major wholesalers in four regions of Amman, Jordan's capital city. Among the examined samples, 39.7 % were found to be contaminated with imidacloprid residues. Imidacloprid levels in different edible fruits and vegetables ranged from less than the Limit of Quantification (LOQ) to 0.40 mg kg−1. Significantly, eggplant and apples exhibited the highest average values (0.40 and 0.25 mg kg−1, respectively). Lower levels were detected in bananas (0.04 mg kg−1), potatoes (0.05 mg kg−1), grapes (0.07 mg kg−1), and cabbage (0.07 mg kg−1). Imidacloprid was below the method detection limit (BD) in samples of okra, peaches, apricots, and carrots. Overall, 25 samples (8.3 %) exceeded the Codex maximum residue limit (MRL) for imidacloprid. Moreover, 8 out of the 300 samples (2.7 %) exceeded the MRL established by the Pest Management Regulatory Agency (PMRA). Notably, the fruits of eggplant and apple contained the highest residual levels (1.30 and 0.83 mg kg−1, respectively), markedly exceeding the CODEX and PMRA MRLs. Additionally, the maximum detected imidacloprid residue concentration in bananas (0.25 mg kg−1) was 500 % higher than the CODEX MRLs. The estimated average daily intake (EDI) of the Amman population varied from 0.00 to 0.144 μg kg−1 body weight day−1 across various products. The hazard index (HI) for imidacloprid ranged from 0.00 to 0.24, all of which were below unity in all samples (<1). In conclusion, this investigation reveals low HI levels of imidacloprid residues in commonly consumed fruits and vegetables. However, the significant presence of imidacloprid residues in some samples highlights the urgent need for comprehensive measures to limit potential health hazards to consumers.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844023093441Hazard indexEstimated daily intakesGC-MSImidaclopridInsecticides residuesMaximum residue limit |
| spellingShingle | Jehad S. Al-Hawadi Rabea S. Al-Sayaydeh Ziad B. Al-Rawashdeh Jamal Y. Ayad Monitoring of imidacloprid residues in fresh fruits and vegetables from the central parts of Jordan Heliyon Hazard index Estimated daily intakes GC-MS Imidacloprid Insecticides residues Maximum residue limit |
| title | Monitoring of imidacloprid residues in fresh fruits and vegetables from the central parts of Jordan |
| title_full | Monitoring of imidacloprid residues in fresh fruits and vegetables from the central parts of Jordan |
| title_fullStr | Monitoring of imidacloprid residues in fresh fruits and vegetables from the central parts of Jordan |
| title_full_unstemmed | Monitoring of imidacloprid residues in fresh fruits and vegetables from the central parts of Jordan |
| title_short | Monitoring of imidacloprid residues in fresh fruits and vegetables from the central parts of Jordan |
| title_sort | monitoring of imidacloprid residues in fresh fruits and vegetables from the central parts of jordan |
| topic | Hazard index Estimated daily intakes GC-MS Imidacloprid Insecticides residues Maximum residue limit |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844023093441 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT jehadsalhawadi monitoringofimidaclopridresiduesinfreshfruitsandvegetablesfromthecentralpartsofjordan AT rabeasalsayaydeh monitoringofimidaclopridresiduesinfreshfruitsandvegetablesfromthecentralpartsofjordan AT ziadbalrawashdeh monitoringofimidaclopridresiduesinfreshfruitsandvegetablesfromthecentralpartsofjordan AT jamalyayad monitoringofimidaclopridresiduesinfreshfruitsandvegetablesfromthecentralpartsofjordan |