Effects of wollastonite and phosphate treatments on cadmium bioaccessibility in pak choi (Brassica rapa L. ssp. chinensis) grown in contaminated soils
Cadmium (Cd) contamination of soil can strongly impact human health through the food chain due to uptake by crop plants. Inorganic immobilizing agents such as silicates and phosphates have been shown to effectively reduce Cd transfer from the soil to cereal crops. However, the effects of such agents...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2024-04-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Nutrition |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2024.1337996/full |
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| author | Kexin Guo Yuehua Zhao Yang Zhang Jinbo Yang Zhiyuan Chu Qiang Zhang Wenwei Xiao Bin Huang Tianyuan Li |
| author_facet | Kexin Guo Yuehua Zhao Yang Zhang Jinbo Yang Zhiyuan Chu Qiang Zhang Wenwei Xiao Bin Huang Tianyuan Li |
| author_sort | Kexin Guo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Cadmium (Cd) contamination of soil can strongly impact human health through the food chain due to uptake by crop plants. Inorganic immobilizing agents such as silicates and phosphates have been shown to effectively reduce Cd transfer from the soil to cereal crops. However, the effects of such agents on total Cd and its bioaccessibility in leafy vegetables are not yet known. Pak choi (Brassica rapa L. ssp. chinensis) was here selected as a representative leafy vegetable to be tested in pots to reveal the effects of silicate–phosphate amendments on soil Cd chemical fractions, total plant Cd levels, and plant bioaccessibility. The collected Cd contaminated soil was mixed with control soil at 1:0, 1:1, 1:4, 0:1 with a view to Cd high/moderate/mild/control soil samples. Three heavy metal-immobilizing agents: wollastonite (W), potassium tripolyphosphate (KTPP), and sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) were added to the soil in order to get four different treatment groups, i.e., control (CK), application of wollastonite alone (W), wollastonite co-applied with KTPP (WKTPP), application of wollastonite co-applied with SHMP (WSHMP) for remediation of soils with different levels of Cd contamination. All three treatments increased the effective bio-Cd concentration in the soils with varying levels of contamination, except for W under moderate and heavy Cd contamination. The total Cd concentration in pak choi plants grown in mildly Cd-contaminated soil was elevated by 86.2% after WKTPP treatment compared to the control treatment could function as a phytoremediation aid for mildly Cd-contaminated soil. Using an in vitro digestion method (physiologically based extraction test) combined with transmission electron microscopy, silicate and phosphorus agents were found to reduce the bioaccessibility of Cd in pak choi by up to 66.13% with WSHMP treatment. Application of silicate alone reduced soil bio-Cd concentration through the formation of insoluble complexes and silanol groups with Cd, but the addition of phosphate may have facilitated Cd translocation into pak choi by first co-precipitating with Ca in wollastonite while simultaneously altering soil pH. Meanwhile, wollastonite and phosphate treatments may cause Cd to be firmly enclosed in the cell wall in an insoluble form, reducing its translocation to edible parts and decreasing the bioaccessibility of Cd in pak choi. This study contributes to the mitigation of Cd bioaccessibility in pak choi by reducing soil Cd concentration through in situ remediation and will help us to extend the effects of wollastonite and phosphate on Cd bioaccessibility to other common vegetables. Therefore, this study thus reveals effective strategies for the remediation of soil Cd and the reduction of Cd bioaccessibility in crops based on two indicators: total Cd and Cd bioaccessibility. Our findings contribute to the development of methods for safer cultivation of commonly consumed leafy vegetables and for soil remediation. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-24T13:51:51Z |
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| last_indexed | 2024-04-24T13:51:51Z |
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| spelling | doaj.art-b5eb7f02174a47a197441f2476366d282024-04-04T04:39:31ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Nutrition2296-861X2024-04-011110.3389/fnut.2024.13379961337996Effects of wollastonite and phosphate treatments on cadmium bioaccessibility in pak choi (Brassica rapa L. ssp. chinensis) grown in contaminated soilsKexin Guo0Yuehua Zhao1Yang Zhang2Jinbo Yang3Zhiyuan Chu4Qiang Zhang5Wenwei Xiao6Bin Huang7Tianyuan Li8Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Ji’nan, ChinaThe 7th Institute of Geology & Mineral Exploration of Shandong Province, Linyi, ChinaWeifang Binhai Ecological Environment Monitoring Center, Weifang, ChinaThe 7th Institute of Geology & Mineral Exploration of Shandong Province, Linyi, ChinaThe 7th Institute of Geology & Mineral Exploration of Shandong Province, Linyi, ChinaShandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Ji’nan, ChinaGuangzhou Hexin Instrument Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, ChinaZhongchuang Guoke Scientific Instrument (Shandong) Co., Ji’nan, ChinaShandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Ji’nan, ChinaCadmium (Cd) contamination of soil can strongly impact human health through the food chain due to uptake by crop plants. Inorganic immobilizing agents such as silicates and phosphates have been shown to effectively reduce Cd transfer from the soil to cereal crops. However, the effects of such agents on total Cd and its bioaccessibility in leafy vegetables are not yet known. Pak choi (Brassica rapa L. ssp. chinensis) was here selected as a representative leafy vegetable to be tested in pots to reveal the effects of silicate–phosphate amendments on soil Cd chemical fractions, total plant Cd levels, and plant bioaccessibility. The collected Cd contaminated soil was mixed with control soil at 1:0, 1:1, 1:4, 0:1 with a view to Cd high/moderate/mild/control soil samples. Three heavy metal-immobilizing agents: wollastonite (W), potassium tripolyphosphate (KTPP), and sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) were added to the soil in order to get four different treatment groups, i.e., control (CK), application of wollastonite alone (W), wollastonite co-applied with KTPP (WKTPP), application of wollastonite co-applied with SHMP (WSHMP) for remediation of soils with different levels of Cd contamination. All three treatments increased the effective bio-Cd concentration in the soils with varying levels of contamination, except for W under moderate and heavy Cd contamination. The total Cd concentration in pak choi plants grown in mildly Cd-contaminated soil was elevated by 86.2% after WKTPP treatment compared to the control treatment could function as a phytoremediation aid for mildly Cd-contaminated soil. Using an in vitro digestion method (physiologically based extraction test) combined with transmission electron microscopy, silicate and phosphorus agents were found to reduce the bioaccessibility of Cd in pak choi by up to 66.13% with WSHMP treatment. Application of silicate alone reduced soil bio-Cd concentration through the formation of insoluble complexes and silanol groups with Cd, but the addition of phosphate may have facilitated Cd translocation into pak choi by first co-precipitating with Ca in wollastonite while simultaneously altering soil pH. Meanwhile, wollastonite and phosphate treatments may cause Cd to be firmly enclosed in the cell wall in an insoluble form, reducing its translocation to edible parts and decreasing the bioaccessibility of Cd in pak choi. This study contributes to the mitigation of Cd bioaccessibility in pak choi by reducing soil Cd concentration through in situ remediation and will help us to extend the effects of wollastonite and phosphate on Cd bioaccessibility to other common vegetables. Therefore, this study thus reveals effective strategies for the remediation of soil Cd and the reduction of Cd bioaccessibility in crops based on two indicators: total Cd and Cd bioaccessibility. Our findings contribute to the development of methods for safer cultivation of commonly consumed leafy vegetables and for soil remediation.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2024.1337996/fullCd immobilizationbioaccessibilityleafy vegetableswollastonitecell ultrastructural |
| spellingShingle | Kexin Guo Yuehua Zhao Yang Zhang Jinbo Yang Zhiyuan Chu Qiang Zhang Wenwei Xiao Bin Huang Tianyuan Li Effects of wollastonite and phosphate treatments on cadmium bioaccessibility in pak choi (Brassica rapa L. ssp. chinensis) grown in contaminated soils Frontiers in Nutrition Cd immobilization bioaccessibility leafy vegetables wollastonite cell ultrastructural |
| title | Effects of wollastonite and phosphate treatments on cadmium bioaccessibility in pak choi (Brassica rapa L. ssp. chinensis) grown in contaminated soils |
| title_full | Effects of wollastonite and phosphate treatments on cadmium bioaccessibility in pak choi (Brassica rapa L. ssp. chinensis) grown in contaminated soils |
| title_fullStr | Effects of wollastonite and phosphate treatments on cadmium bioaccessibility in pak choi (Brassica rapa L. ssp. chinensis) grown in contaminated soils |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effects of wollastonite and phosphate treatments on cadmium bioaccessibility in pak choi (Brassica rapa L. ssp. chinensis) grown in contaminated soils |
| title_short | Effects of wollastonite and phosphate treatments on cadmium bioaccessibility in pak choi (Brassica rapa L. ssp. chinensis) grown in contaminated soils |
| title_sort | effects of wollastonite and phosphate treatments on cadmium bioaccessibility in pak choi brassica rapa l ssp chinensis grown in contaminated soils |
| topic | Cd immobilization bioaccessibility leafy vegetables wollastonite cell ultrastructural |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2024.1337996/full |
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