The Antimethanogenic Potentials of Plant Extracts: Their Yields and Phytochemical Compositions as Affected by Extractive Solvents
Plant phytochemicals are an important area of study in ruminant nutrition, primarily due to their antimethanogenic potentials. Plant extract yields, their bioactive compounds and antimethanogenic properties are largely dependent on the nature of the extractive solvents. This study evaluated the yiel...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-11-01
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| Series: | Plants |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/11/23/3296 |
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| author | Taofik Adam Ibrahim Abubeker Hassen Zeno Apostolides |
| author_facet | Taofik Adam Ibrahim Abubeker Hassen Zeno Apostolides |
| author_sort | Taofik Adam Ibrahim |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Plant phytochemicals are an important area of study in ruminant nutrition, primarily due to their antimethanogenic potentials. Plant extract yields, their bioactive compounds and antimethanogenic properties are largely dependent on the nature of the extractive solvents. This study evaluated the yields and phytochemical constituents of four plant extracts, as affected by the aqueous-methanolic (H<sub>2</sub>O-CH<sub>3</sub>OH) extraction and their antimethanogenic properties on the in vitro methane production. The plant extracts included <i>Aloe vera</i>, <i>Jatropha curcas</i>, <i>Moringa oleifera</i>, and <i>Piper betle</i> leaves with three levels of extractions (70, 85, and 100% CH<sub>3</sub>OH). The crude plant extract yields increased with the increasing amount of water. <i>M</i>. <i>oleifera</i> crude extracts yields (g/10 g) increased from 3.24 to 3.92, <i>A. vera</i>, (2.35 to 3.11) <i>J. curcas</i> (1.77 to 2.26), and <i>P. betle</i> (2.42 to 3.53). However, the identified and quantified metabolites showed differing degrees of solubility unique to their plant leaves in which they exist, while some of the metabolites were unaffected by the extraction solvents. The methane mitigating potentials of these extracts were evaluated as additives on <i>Eragrostis curvula</i> hay at a recommended rate of 50 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> DM. The plant extracts exhibited antimethanogenic properties to various degrees, reducing (<i>p</i> < 0.05) in vitro methane production in the tested hay, <i>A. vera</i>, <i>J. curcas</i>, <i>M. oleifera</i> and <i>P. betle</i> reduced methane emission by 6.37–7.55%, 8.02–11.56%, 12.26–12.97, and 5.66–7.78 respectively compared to the control treatment. However, the antimethanogenic efficacy, gas production and organic matter digestibility of the plant extracts were unaffected by the extraction solvents. Metabolites, such as aloin A, aloin B and kaempferol (in <i>A. vera</i>), apigenin, catechin, epicatechin, kaempferol, tryptophan, procyanidins, vitexin-7-olate and isovitexin-7-olate (in <i>J. curcas</i>), alkaloid, kaempferol, quercetin, rutin and neochlorogenic acid (in <i>M. oleifera)</i> and apigenin-7,4′-diglucoside, <i>3-p</i>-coumaroylquinic acid, rutin, 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol, dihydrocaffeic acid, and dihydrocoumaric acid (in <i>P. betle</i>) exhibited a methane reducing potential and hence, additional studies may be conducted to test the methane reducing properties of the individual metabolites as well as their combined forms. Plant extracts could be more promising, and hence, further study is necessary to explore other extraction methods, as well as the encapsulation of extracts for the improved delivery of core materials to the target sites and to enhance methane reducing properties. Furthermore, the use of 70% aqueous extraction on <i>M. oleifera</i> leaf is recommended for practical use due to the reduced cost of extractive solvents, the lower cost and availability of <i>Moringa</i> plants in South Africa, especially in Gauteng Province. Furthermore, 70% aqueous-methanolic extractions of <i>A. vera</i>, <i>J. curcas</i>, and <i>P. betle</i> are recommended for practical use in regions where they exist in abundance and are cost effective. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T17:35:59Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-b5f5d92da4124cf58f71ce18d3544504 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2223-7747 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T17:35:59Z |
| publishDate | 2022-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Plants |
| spelling | doaj.art-b5f5d92da4124cf58f71ce18d35445042023-11-24T11:55:38ZengMDPI AGPlants2223-77472022-11-011123329610.3390/plants11233296The Antimethanogenic Potentials of Plant Extracts: Their Yields and Phytochemical Compositions as Affected by Extractive SolventsTaofik Adam Ibrahim0Abubeker Hassen1Zeno Apostolides2Department of Animal Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South AfricaDepartment of Animal Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South AfricaDepartment of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South AfricaPlant phytochemicals are an important area of study in ruminant nutrition, primarily due to their antimethanogenic potentials. Plant extract yields, their bioactive compounds and antimethanogenic properties are largely dependent on the nature of the extractive solvents. This study evaluated the yields and phytochemical constituents of four plant extracts, as affected by the aqueous-methanolic (H<sub>2</sub>O-CH<sub>3</sub>OH) extraction and their antimethanogenic properties on the in vitro methane production. The plant extracts included <i>Aloe vera</i>, <i>Jatropha curcas</i>, <i>Moringa oleifera</i>, and <i>Piper betle</i> leaves with three levels of extractions (70, 85, and 100% CH<sub>3</sub>OH). The crude plant extract yields increased with the increasing amount of water. <i>M</i>. <i>oleifera</i> crude extracts yields (g/10 g) increased from 3.24 to 3.92, <i>A. vera</i>, (2.35 to 3.11) <i>J. curcas</i> (1.77 to 2.26), and <i>P. betle</i> (2.42 to 3.53). However, the identified and quantified metabolites showed differing degrees of solubility unique to their plant leaves in which they exist, while some of the metabolites were unaffected by the extraction solvents. The methane mitigating potentials of these extracts were evaluated as additives on <i>Eragrostis curvula</i> hay at a recommended rate of 50 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> DM. The plant extracts exhibited antimethanogenic properties to various degrees, reducing (<i>p</i> < 0.05) in vitro methane production in the tested hay, <i>A. vera</i>, <i>J. curcas</i>, <i>M. oleifera</i> and <i>P. betle</i> reduced methane emission by 6.37–7.55%, 8.02–11.56%, 12.26–12.97, and 5.66–7.78 respectively compared to the control treatment. However, the antimethanogenic efficacy, gas production and organic matter digestibility of the plant extracts were unaffected by the extraction solvents. Metabolites, such as aloin A, aloin B and kaempferol (in <i>A. vera</i>), apigenin, catechin, epicatechin, kaempferol, tryptophan, procyanidins, vitexin-7-olate and isovitexin-7-olate (in <i>J. curcas</i>), alkaloid, kaempferol, quercetin, rutin and neochlorogenic acid (in <i>M. oleifera)</i> and apigenin-7,4′-diglucoside, <i>3-p</i>-coumaroylquinic acid, rutin, 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol, dihydrocaffeic acid, and dihydrocoumaric acid (in <i>P. betle</i>) exhibited a methane reducing potential and hence, additional studies may be conducted to test the methane reducing properties of the individual metabolites as well as their combined forms. Plant extracts could be more promising, and hence, further study is necessary to explore other extraction methods, as well as the encapsulation of extracts for the improved delivery of core materials to the target sites and to enhance methane reducing properties. Furthermore, the use of 70% aqueous extraction on <i>M. oleifera</i> leaf is recommended for practical use due to the reduced cost of extractive solvents, the lower cost and availability of <i>Moringa</i> plants in South Africa, especially in Gauteng Province. Furthermore, 70% aqueous-methanolic extractions of <i>A. vera</i>, <i>J. curcas</i>, and <i>P. betle</i> are recommended for practical use in regions where they exist in abundance and are cost effective.https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/11/23/3296plant extractsmethanolic extractionsmetabolomicsmethanein vitro |
| spellingShingle | Taofik Adam Ibrahim Abubeker Hassen Zeno Apostolides The Antimethanogenic Potentials of Plant Extracts: Their Yields and Phytochemical Compositions as Affected by Extractive Solvents Plants plant extracts methanolic extractions metabolomics methane in vitro |
| title | The Antimethanogenic Potentials of Plant Extracts: Their Yields and Phytochemical Compositions as Affected by Extractive Solvents |
| title_full | The Antimethanogenic Potentials of Plant Extracts: Their Yields and Phytochemical Compositions as Affected by Extractive Solvents |
| title_fullStr | The Antimethanogenic Potentials of Plant Extracts: Their Yields and Phytochemical Compositions as Affected by Extractive Solvents |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Antimethanogenic Potentials of Plant Extracts: Their Yields and Phytochemical Compositions as Affected by Extractive Solvents |
| title_short | The Antimethanogenic Potentials of Plant Extracts: Their Yields and Phytochemical Compositions as Affected by Extractive Solvents |
| title_sort | antimethanogenic potentials of plant extracts their yields and phytochemical compositions as affected by extractive solvents |
| topic | plant extracts methanolic extractions metabolomics methane in vitro |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/11/23/3296 |
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