Immune Dysfunction in Uremia—An Update
Kidney dysfunction leads to disturbed renal metabolic activities and to impaired glomerular filtration, resulting in the retention of toxic solutes affecting all organs of the body. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and infections are the main causes for the increased occurrence of morbidity and mortalit...
| Main Authors: | , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2012-10-01
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| Series: | Toxins |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/4/11/962 |
| _version_ | 1828351188979941376 |
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| author | Gerald Cohen Walter H. Hörl |
| author_facet | Gerald Cohen Walter H. Hörl |
| author_sort | Gerald Cohen |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Kidney dysfunction leads to disturbed renal metabolic activities and to impaired glomerular filtration, resulting in the retention of toxic solutes affecting all organs of the body. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and infections are the main causes for the increased occurrence of morbidity and mortality among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Both complications are directly or indirectly linked to a compromised immune defense. The specific coordinated roles of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs), monocytes/macrophages, lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in maintaining an efficient immune response are affected. Their normal response can be impaired, giving rise to infectious diseases or pre-activated/primed, leading to inflammation and consequently to CVD. Whereas the coordinated removal via apoptosis of activated immune cells is crucial for the resolution of inflammation, inappropriately high apoptotic rates lead to a diminished immune response. In uremia, the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory and between pro- and anti-apoptotic factors is disturbed. This review summarizes the interrelated parameters interfering with the immune response in uremia, with a special focus on the non-specific immune response and the role of uremic toxins. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-14T01:35:59Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-b6071e9357b34cf09c20737c6a847dc8 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6651 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-14T01:35:59Z |
| publishDate | 2012-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxins |
| spelling | doaj.art-b6071e9357b34cf09c20737c6a847dc82022-12-22T02:19:56ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512012-10-0141196299010.3390/toxins4110962Immune Dysfunction in Uremia—An UpdateGerald CohenWalter H. HörlKidney dysfunction leads to disturbed renal metabolic activities and to impaired glomerular filtration, resulting in the retention of toxic solutes affecting all organs of the body. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and infections are the main causes for the increased occurrence of morbidity and mortality among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Both complications are directly or indirectly linked to a compromised immune defense. The specific coordinated roles of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs), monocytes/macrophages, lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in maintaining an efficient immune response are affected. Their normal response can be impaired, giving rise to infectious diseases or pre-activated/primed, leading to inflammation and consequently to CVD. Whereas the coordinated removal via apoptosis of activated immune cells is crucial for the resolution of inflammation, inappropriately high apoptotic rates lead to a diminished immune response. In uremia, the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory and between pro- and anti-apoptotic factors is disturbed. This review summarizes the interrelated parameters interfering with the immune response in uremia, with a special focus on the non-specific immune response and the role of uremic toxins.http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/4/11/962cardiovascular diseaseoxidative stressinflammationinfectionprimingapoptosisuremic toxinspolymorphonuclear leukocytesmonocytesantigen-presenting cells |
| spellingShingle | Gerald Cohen Walter H. Hörl Immune Dysfunction in Uremia—An Update Toxins cardiovascular disease oxidative stress inflammation infection priming apoptosis uremic toxins polymorphonuclear leukocytes monocytes antigen-presenting cells |
| title | Immune Dysfunction in Uremia—An Update |
| title_full | Immune Dysfunction in Uremia—An Update |
| title_fullStr | Immune Dysfunction in Uremia—An Update |
| title_full_unstemmed | Immune Dysfunction in Uremia—An Update |
| title_short | Immune Dysfunction in Uremia—An Update |
| title_sort | immune dysfunction in uremia amp 8212 an update |
| topic | cardiovascular disease oxidative stress inflammation infection priming apoptosis uremic toxins polymorphonuclear leukocytes monocytes antigen-presenting cells |
| url | http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/4/11/962 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT geraldcohen immunedysfunctioninuremiaamp8212anupdate AT walterhhorl immunedysfunctioninuremiaamp8212anupdate |