A Luminous Red Supergiant and Dusty Long-period Variable Progenitor for SN 2023ixf
We analyze pre-explosion near- and mid-infrared (IR) imaging of the site of SN 2023ixf in the nearby spiral galaxy M101 and characterize the candidate progenitor star. The star displays compelling evidence of variability with a possible period of ≈1000 days and an amplitude of Δ m ≈ 0.6 mag in exten...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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IOP Publishing
2023-01-01
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| Series: | The Astrophysical Journal Letters |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ace618 |
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| author | Jacob E. Jencson Jeniveve Pearson Emma R. Beasor Ryan M. Lau Jennifer E. Andrews K. Azalee Bostroem Yize Dong Michael Engesser Sebastian Gomez Muryel Guolo Emily Hoang Griffin Hosseinzadeh Saurabh W. Jha Viraj Karambelkar Mansi M. Kasliwal Michael Lundquist Nicolas E. Meza Retamal Armin Rest David J. Sand Melissa Shahbandeh Manisha Shrestha Nathan Smith Jay Strader Stefano Valenti Qinan Wang Yossef Zenati |
| author_facet | Jacob E. Jencson Jeniveve Pearson Emma R. Beasor Ryan M. Lau Jennifer E. Andrews K. Azalee Bostroem Yize Dong Michael Engesser Sebastian Gomez Muryel Guolo Emily Hoang Griffin Hosseinzadeh Saurabh W. Jha Viraj Karambelkar Mansi M. Kasliwal Michael Lundquist Nicolas E. Meza Retamal Armin Rest David J. Sand Melissa Shahbandeh Manisha Shrestha Nathan Smith Jay Strader Stefano Valenti Qinan Wang Yossef Zenati |
| author_sort | Jacob E. Jencson |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | We analyze pre-explosion near- and mid-infrared (IR) imaging of the site of SN 2023ixf in the nearby spiral galaxy M101 and characterize the candidate progenitor star. The star displays compelling evidence of variability with a possible period of ≈1000 days and an amplitude of Δ m ≈ 0.6 mag in extensive monitoring with the Spitzer Space Telescope since 2004, likely indicative of radial pulsations. Variability consistent with this period is also seen in the near-IR J and K _s bands between 2010 and 2023, up to just 10 days before the explosion. Beyond the periodic variability, we do not find evidence for any IR-bright pre-supernova outbursts in this time period. The IR brightness ( ${M}_{{K}_{s}}=-10.7$ mag) and color ( J − K _s = 1.6 mag) of the star suggest a luminous and dusty red supergiant. Modeling of the phase-averaged spectral energy distribution (SED) yields constraints on the stellar temperature ( ${T}_{\mathrm{eff}}={3500}_{-1400}^{+800}$ K) and luminosity ( $\mathrm{log}L/{L}_{\odot }=5.1\pm 0.2$ ). This places the candidate among the most luminous Type II supernova progenitors with direct imaging constraints, with the caveat that many of these rely only on optical measurements. Comparison with stellar evolution models gives an initial mass of M _init = 17 ± 4 M _⊙ . We estimate the pre-supernova mass-loss rate of the star between 3 and 19 yr before explosion from the SED modeling at $\dot{M}\approx 3\times {10}^{-5}$ to 3 × 10 ^−4 M _⊙ yr ^−1 for an assumed wind velocity of v _w = 10 km s ^−1 , perhaps pointing to enhanced mass loss in a pulsation-driven wind. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-12T03:08:21Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-b62ee01868714c55b069dcc5bee76209 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2041-8205 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-12T03:08:21Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | IOP Publishing |
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| series | The Astrophysical Journal Letters |
| spelling | doaj.art-b62ee01868714c55b069dcc5bee762092023-09-03T14:31:23ZengIOP PublishingThe Astrophysical Journal Letters2041-82052023-01-019522L3010.3847/2041-8213/ace618A Luminous Red Supergiant and Dusty Long-period Variable Progenitor for SN 2023ixfJacob E. Jencson0https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5754-4007Jeniveve Pearson1https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0744-0047Emma R. Beasor2https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4666-4606Ryan M. Lau3https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0778-0321Jennifer E. Andrews4https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0123-0062K. Azalee Bostroem5https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4924-444XYize Dong6https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7937-6371Michael Engesser7https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0209-674XSebastian Gomez8https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6395-6702Muryel Guolo9https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5063-0751Emily Hoang10https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2744-4755Griffin Hosseinzadeh11https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0832-2974Saurabh W. Jha12https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8738-6011Viraj Karambelkar13https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2758-159XMansi M. Kasliwal14https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5619-4938Michael Lundquist15https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9589-3793Nicolas E. Meza Retamal16https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7015-3446Armin Rest17https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4410-5387David J. Sand18https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4102-380XMelissa Shahbandeh19https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9301-5302Manisha Shrestha20https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4022-1874Nathan Smith21https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5510-2424Jay Strader22https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1468-9668Stefano Valenti23https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8818-0795Qinan Wang24https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5233-6989Yossef Zenati25https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0632-8897Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University , 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Space Telescope Science Institute , 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USASteward Observatory, University of Arizona , 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721-0065, USASteward Observatory, University of Arizona , 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721-0065, USANSF’s NOIRLab, 950 North Cherry Avenue , Tucson, AZ 85719, USAGemini Observatory/NSF’s NOIRLab , 670 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI, 96720, USASteward Observatory, University of Arizona , 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721-0065, USADepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of California , 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616-5270, USASpace Telescope Science Institute , 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USASpace Telescope Science Institute , 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USADepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University , 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USADepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of California , 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616-5270, USASteward Observatory, University of Arizona , 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721-0065, USADepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey , 136 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8019, USADivision of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, CA 91125, USADivision of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, CA 91125, USAW. M. Keck Observatory , 65-1120 Mamalahoa Highway, Kamuela, HI 96743-8431, USADepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of California , 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616-5270, USADepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University , 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Space Telescope Science Institute , 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USASteward Observatory, University of Arizona , 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721-0065, USADepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University , 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Space Telescope Science Institute , 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USASteward Observatory, University of Arizona , 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721-0065, USASteward Observatory, University of Arizona , 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721-0065, USACenter for Data Intensive and Time Domain Astronomy, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University , East Lansing, MI 48824, USADepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of California , 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616-5270, USADepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University , 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USADepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University , 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USAWe analyze pre-explosion near- and mid-infrared (IR) imaging of the site of SN 2023ixf in the nearby spiral galaxy M101 and characterize the candidate progenitor star. The star displays compelling evidence of variability with a possible period of ≈1000 days and an amplitude of Δ m ≈ 0.6 mag in extensive monitoring with the Spitzer Space Telescope since 2004, likely indicative of radial pulsations. Variability consistent with this period is also seen in the near-IR J and K _s bands between 2010 and 2023, up to just 10 days before the explosion. Beyond the periodic variability, we do not find evidence for any IR-bright pre-supernova outbursts in this time period. The IR brightness ( ${M}_{{K}_{s}}=-10.7$ mag) and color ( J − K _s = 1.6 mag) of the star suggest a luminous and dusty red supergiant. Modeling of the phase-averaged spectral energy distribution (SED) yields constraints on the stellar temperature ( ${T}_{\mathrm{eff}}={3500}_{-1400}^{+800}$ K) and luminosity ( $\mathrm{log}L/{L}_{\odot }=5.1\pm 0.2$ ). This places the candidate among the most luminous Type II supernova progenitors with direct imaging constraints, with the caveat that many of these rely only on optical measurements. Comparison with stellar evolution models gives an initial mass of M _init = 17 ± 4 M _⊙ . We estimate the pre-supernova mass-loss rate of the star between 3 and 19 yr before explosion from the SED modeling at $\dot{M}\approx 3\times {10}^{-5}$ to 3 × 10 ^−4 M _⊙ yr ^−1 for an assumed wind velocity of v _w = 10 km s ^−1 , perhaps pointing to enhanced mass loss in a pulsation-driven wind.https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ace618SupernovaeMassive starsStellar mass lossEvolved starsCircumstellar dust |
| spellingShingle | Jacob E. Jencson Jeniveve Pearson Emma R. Beasor Ryan M. Lau Jennifer E. Andrews K. Azalee Bostroem Yize Dong Michael Engesser Sebastian Gomez Muryel Guolo Emily Hoang Griffin Hosseinzadeh Saurabh W. Jha Viraj Karambelkar Mansi M. Kasliwal Michael Lundquist Nicolas E. Meza Retamal Armin Rest David J. Sand Melissa Shahbandeh Manisha Shrestha Nathan Smith Jay Strader Stefano Valenti Qinan Wang Yossef Zenati A Luminous Red Supergiant and Dusty Long-period Variable Progenitor for SN 2023ixf The Astrophysical Journal Letters Supernovae Massive stars Stellar mass loss Evolved stars Circumstellar dust |
| title | A Luminous Red Supergiant and Dusty Long-period Variable Progenitor for SN 2023ixf |
| title_full | A Luminous Red Supergiant and Dusty Long-period Variable Progenitor for SN 2023ixf |
| title_fullStr | A Luminous Red Supergiant and Dusty Long-period Variable Progenitor for SN 2023ixf |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Luminous Red Supergiant and Dusty Long-period Variable Progenitor for SN 2023ixf |
| title_short | A Luminous Red Supergiant and Dusty Long-period Variable Progenitor for SN 2023ixf |
| title_sort | luminous red supergiant and dusty long period variable progenitor for sn 2023ixf |
| topic | Supernovae Massive stars Stellar mass loss Evolved stars Circumstellar dust |
| url | https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ace618 |
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