Large Amounts of Water Vapor Were Injected into the Stratosphere by the Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha’apai Volcano Eruption
The Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha’apai (Tonga) injected only small amount of SO<sub>2</sub> into the stratosphere, while our analyses of the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) measurements show that a massive amount of water vapor was directly injected into the stratosphere by the Tonga eruption, which...
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MDPI AG
2022-06-01
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| Series: | Atmosphere |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/13/6/912 |
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| author | Jingyuan Xu Dan Li Zhixuan Bai Mengchu Tao Jianchun Bian |
| author_facet | Jingyuan Xu Dan Li Zhixuan Bai Mengchu Tao Jianchun Bian |
| author_sort | Jingyuan Xu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha’apai (Tonga) injected only small amount of SO<sub>2</sub> into the stratosphere, while our analyses of the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) measurements show that a massive amount of water vapor was directly injected into the stratosphere by the Tonga eruption, which is probably due to its submarine volcanic activity. The Tonga eruption injected a total amount of 139 ± 8 Tg of water vapor into the stratosphere and resulted in an increase of 8.9 ± 0.5% in the global stratospheric water vapor. Analyses also show that the uppermost altitude impacted by Tonga reached the 1 hPa level (~47.6 km). Additionally, the maximum hydration region for increased water vapor is at 38–17 hPa (~22.2–27 km), where the water vapor mixing ratio increased by 6–8 ppmv during the three months after the Tonga eruption. The enhanced stratospheric water vapor has great potential to influence the global radiation budget as well as ozone loss. |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4433 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T00:26:56Z |
| publishDate | 2022-06-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-b64c4de269cd4c20b84482965e07a5e32023-11-23T15:32:38ZengMDPI AGAtmosphere2073-44332022-06-0113691210.3390/atmos13060912Large Amounts of Water Vapor Were Injected into the Stratosphere by the Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha’apai Volcano EruptionJingyuan Xu0Dan Li1Zhixuan Bai2Mengchu Tao3Jianchun Bian4Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, ChinaKey Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, ChinaKey Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, ChinaKey Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, ChinaKey Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, ChinaThe Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha’apai (Tonga) injected only small amount of SO<sub>2</sub> into the stratosphere, while our analyses of the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) measurements show that a massive amount of water vapor was directly injected into the stratosphere by the Tonga eruption, which is probably due to its submarine volcanic activity. The Tonga eruption injected a total amount of 139 ± 8 Tg of water vapor into the stratosphere and resulted in an increase of 8.9 ± 0.5% in the global stratospheric water vapor. Analyses also show that the uppermost altitude impacted by Tonga reached the 1 hPa level (~47.6 km). Additionally, the maximum hydration region for increased water vapor is at 38–17 hPa (~22.2–27 km), where the water vapor mixing ratio increased by 6–8 ppmv during the three months after the Tonga eruption. The enhanced stratospheric water vapor has great potential to influence the global radiation budget as well as ozone loss.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/13/6/912stratospheric water vaporTongavolcanic injected hydration |
| spellingShingle | Jingyuan Xu Dan Li Zhixuan Bai Mengchu Tao Jianchun Bian Large Amounts of Water Vapor Were Injected into the Stratosphere by the Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha’apai Volcano Eruption Atmosphere stratospheric water vapor Tonga volcanic injected hydration |
| title | Large Amounts of Water Vapor Were Injected into the Stratosphere by the Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha’apai Volcano Eruption |
| title_full | Large Amounts of Water Vapor Were Injected into the Stratosphere by the Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha’apai Volcano Eruption |
| title_fullStr | Large Amounts of Water Vapor Were Injected into the Stratosphere by the Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha’apai Volcano Eruption |
| title_full_unstemmed | Large Amounts of Water Vapor Were Injected into the Stratosphere by the Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha’apai Volcano Eruption |
| title_short | Large Amounts of Water Vapor Were Injected into the Stratosphere by the Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha’apai Volcano Eruption |
| title_sort | large amounts of water vapor were injected into the stratosphere by the hunga tonga hunga ha apai volcano eruption |
| topic | stratospheric water vapor Tonga volcanic injected hydration |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/13/6/912 |
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