Interleukin-21 Influences Glioblastoma Course: Biological Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential
Brain tumors represent a heterogeneous group of neoplasms involving the brain or nearby tissues, affecting populations of all ages with a high incidence worldwide. Among the primary brain tumors, the most aggressive and also the most common is glioblastoma (GB), a type of glioma that falls into the...
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MDPI AG
2023-09-01
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| Series: | Cells |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/12/18/2284 |
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| author | Alberto Repici Alessio Ardizzone Alessia Filippone Cristina Colarossi Marzia Mare Gabriele Raciti Deborah Mannino Salvatore Cuzzocrea Irene Paterniti Emanuela Esposito |
| author_facet | Alberto Repici Alessio Ardizzone Alessia Filippone Cristina Colarossi Marzia Mare Gabriele Raciti Deborah Mannino Salvatore Cuzzocrea Irene Paterniti Emanuela Esposito |
| author_sort | Alberto Repici |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Brain tumors represent a heterogeneous group of neoplasms involving the brain or nearby tissues, affecting populations of all ages with a high incidence worldwide. Among the primary brain tumors, the most aggressive and also the most common is glioblastoma (GB), a type of glioma that falls into the category of IV-grade astrocytoma. GB often leads to death within a few months after diagnosis, even if the patient is treated with available therapies; for this reason, it is important to continue to discover new therapeutic approaches to allow for a better survival rate of these patients. Immunotherapy, today, seems to be one of the most innovative types of treatment, based on the ability of the immune system to counteract various pathologies, including cancer. In this context, interleukin 21 (IL-21), a type I cytokine produced by natural killer (NK) cells and CD4<sup>+</sup> T lymphocytes, appears to be a valid target for new therapies since this cytokine is involved in the activation of innate and adaptive immunity. To match this purpose, our review deeply evaluated how IL-21 could influence the progression of GB, analyzing its main biological processes and mechanisms while evaluating the potential use of the latest available therapies. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T22:56:34Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-b65920162467490c9ac9378207db501a |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4409 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T22:56:34Z |
| publishDate | 2023-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Cells |
| spelling | doaj.art-b65920162467490c9ac9378207db501a2023-11-19T09:59:52ZengMDPI AGCells2073-44092023-09-011218228410.3390/cells12182284Interleukin-21 Influences Glioblastoma Course: Biological Mechanisms and Therapeutic PotentialAlberto Repici0Alessio Ardizzone1Alessia Filippone2Cristina Colarossi3Marzia Mare4Gabriele Raciti5Deborah Mannino6Salvatore Cuzzocrea7Irene Paterniti8Emanuela Esposito9Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres, 98166 Messina, ItalyDepartment of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres, 98166 Messina, ItalyDepartment of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres, 98166 Messina, ItalyIstituto Oncologico del Mediterraneo, Via Penninazzo 7, 95029 Viagrande, ItalyIstituto Oncologico del Mediterraneo, Via Penninazzo 7, 95029 Viagrande, ItalyIOM Ricerca, Via Penninazzo 11, 95029 Viagrande, ItalyDepartment of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres, 98166 Messina, ItalyDepartment of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres, 98166 Messina, ItalyDepartment of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres, 98166 Messina, ItalyDepartment of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres, 98166 Messina, ItalyBrain tumors represent a heterogeneous group of neoplasms involving the brain or nearby tissues, affecting populations of all ages with a high incidence worldwide. Among the primary brain tumors, the most aggressive and also the most common is glioblastoma (GB), a type of glioma that falls into the category of IV-grade astrocytoma. GB often leads to death within a few months after diagnosis, even if the patient is treated with available therapies; for this reason, it is important to continue to discover new therapeutic approaches to allow for a better survival rate of these patients. Immunotherapy, today, seems to be one of the most innovative types of treatment, based on the ability of the immune system to counteract various pathologies, including cancer. In this context, interleukin 21 (IL-21), a type I cytokine produced by natural killer (NK) cells and CD4<sup>+</sup> T lymphocytes, appears to be a valid target for new therapies since this cytokine is involved in the activation of innate and adaptive immunity. To match this purpose, our review deeply evaluated how IL-21 could influence the progression of GB, analyzing its main biological processes and mechanisms while evaluating the potential use of the latest available therapies.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/12/18/2284primary brain tumorsglioblastomainterleukin-21cytokinescancer immunology |
| spellingShingle | Alberto Repici Alessio Ardizzone Alessia Filippone Cristina Colarossi Marzia Mare Gabriele Raciti Deborah Mannino Salvatore Cuzzocrea Irene Paterniti Emanuela Esposito Interleukin-21 Influences Glioblastoma Course: Biological Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential Cells primary brain tumors glioblastoma interleukin-21 cytokines cancer immunology |
| title | Interleukin-21 Influences Glioblastoma Course: Biological Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential |
| title_full | Interleukin-21 Influences Glioblastoma Course: Biological Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential |
| title_fullStr | Interleukin-21 Influences Glioblastoma Course: Biological Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential |
| title_full_unstemmed | Interleukin-21 Influences Glioblastoma Course: Biological Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential |
| title_short | Interleukin-21 Influences Glioblastoma Course: Biological Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential |
| title_sort | interleukin 21 influences glioblastoma course biological mechanisms and therapeutic potential |
| topic | primary brain tumors glioblastoma interleukin-21 cytokines cancer immunology |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/12/18/2284 |
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