A Multilevel Scheduling Framework for Distributed Time-domain Large-area Sky Survey Telescope Array
Telescope arrays are receiving increasing attention due to their promise of higher resource utilization, greater sky survey area, and higher frequency of full space-time monitoring than single telescopes. Compared with the ordinary coordinated operation of several telescopes, the new astronomical ob...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
IOP Publishing
2023-01-01
|
| Series: | The Astronomical Journal |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/acac24 |
| _version_ | 1797695792591405056 |
|---|---|
| author | Yajie Zhang Ce Yu Chao Sun Zhaohui Shang Yi Hu Huiyu Zhi Jinmao Yang Shanjiang Tang |
| author_facet | Yajie Zhang Ce Yu Chao Sun Zhaohui Shang Yi Hu Huiyu Zhi Jinmao Yang Shanjiang Tang |
| author_sort | Yajie Zhang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Telescope arrays are receiving increasing attention due to their promise of higher resource utilization, greater sky survey area, and higher frequency of full space-time monitoring than single telescopes. Compared with the ordinary coordinated operation of several telescopes, the new astronomical observation mode has an order of magnitude difference in the number of telescopes. It requires efficient coordinated observation by large-domain telescopes distributed at different sites. Coherent modeling of various abstract environmental constraints is essential for responding to multiple complex science goals. Also, due to competing science priorities and field visibility, how the telescope arrays are scheduled for observations can significantly affect observation efficiency. This paper proposes a multilevel scheduling model oriented toward the problem of telescope-array scheduling for time-domain surveys. A flexible framework is developed with basic functionality encapsulated in software components implemented on hierarchical architectures. An optimization metric is proposed to self-consistently weight contributions from time-varying observation conditions to maintain uniform coverage and efficient time utilization from a global perspective. The performance of the scheduler is evaluated through simulated instances. The experimental results show that our scheduling framework performs correctly and provides acceptable solutions considering the percentage of time allocation efficiency and sky coverage uniformity in a feasible amount of time. Using a generic version of the telescope-array scheduling framework, we also demonstrate its scalability and its potential to be applied to other astronomical applications. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-12T03:17:19Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-b676131765704cc9a6d1137fcb07d69c |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1538-3881 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-12T03:17:19Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | IOP Publishing |
| record_format | Article |
| series | The Astronomical Journal |
| spelling | doaj.art-b676131765704cc9a6d1137fcb07d69c2023-09-03T14:08:31ZengIOP PublishingThe Astronomical Journal1538-38812023-01-0116537710.3847/1538-3881/acac24A Multilevel Scheduling Framework for Distributed Time-domain Large-area Sky Survey Telescope ArrayYajie Zhang0https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2976-8198Ce Yu1Chao Sun2Zhaohui Shang3Yi Hu4https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3317-4771Huiyu Zhi5Jinmao Yang6Shanjiang Tang7College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin University , No.135 Yaguan Road, Haihe Education Park, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China huyi.naoc@gmail.com; Technical R&D Innovation Center, National Astronomical Data Center , No.135 Yaguan Road, Haihe Education Park, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of ChinaCollege of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin University , No.135 Yaguan Road, Haihe Education Park, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China huyi.naoc@gmail.com; Technical R&D Innovation Center, National Astronomical Data Center , No.135 Yaguan Road, Haihe Education Park, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of ChinaCollege of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin University , No.135 Yaguan Road, Haihe Education Park, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China huyi.naoc@gmail.com; Technical R&D Innovation Center, National Astronomical Data Center , No.135 Yaguan Road, Haihe Education Park, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of ChinaNational Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences , No.20 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100012, People's Republic of ChinaNational Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences , No.20 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100012, People's Republic of ChinaCollege of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin University , No.135 Yaguan Road, Haihe Education Park, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China huyi.naoc@gmail.com; Technical R&D Innovation Center, National Astronomical Data Center , No.135 Yaguan Road, Haihe Education Park, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of ChinaCollege of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin University , No.135 Yaguan Road, Haihe Education Park, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China huyi.naoc@gmail.com; Technical R&D Innovation Center, National Astronomical Data Center , No.135 Yaguan Road, Haihe Education Park, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of ChinaCollege of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin University , No.135 Yaguan Road, Haihe Education Park, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China huyi.naoc@gmail.com; Technical R&D Innovation Center, National Astronomical Data Center , No.135 Yaguan Road, Haihe Education Park, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of ChinaTelescope arrays are receiving increasing attention due to their promise of higher resource utilization, greater sky survey area, and higher frequency of full space-time monitoring than single telescopes. Compared with the ordinary coordinated operation of several telescopes, the new astronomical observation mode has an order of magnitude difference in the number of telescopes. It requires efficient coordinated observation by large-domain telescopes distributed at different sites. Coherent modeling of various abstract environmental constraints is essential for responding to multiple complex science goals. Also, due to competing science priorities and field visibility, how the telescope arrays are scheduled for observations can significantly affect observation efficiency. This paper proposes a multilevel scheduling model oriented toward the problem of telescope-array scheduling for time-domain surveys. A flexible framework is developed with basic functionality encapsulated in software components implemented on hierarchical architectures. An optimization metric is proposed to self-consistently weight contributions from time-varying observation conditions to maintain uniform coverage and efficient time utilization from a global perspective. The performance of the scheduler is evaluated through simulated instances. The experimental results show that our scheduling framework performs correctly and provides acceptable solutions considering the percentage of time allocation efficiency and sky coverage uniformity in a feasible amount of time. Using a generic version of the telescope-array scheduling framework, we also demonstrate its scalability and its potential to be applied to other astronomical applications.https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/acac24SurveysAstronomical modelsAstronomical methodsObservational astronomy |
| spellingShingle | Yajie Zhang Ce Yu Chao Sun Zhaohui Shang Yi Hu Huiyu Zhi Jinmao Yang Shanjiang Tang A Multilevel Scheduling Framework for Distributed Time-domain Large-area Sky Survey Telescope Array The Astronomical Journal Surveys Astronomical models Astronomical methods Observational astronomy |
| title | A Multilevel Scheduling Framework for Distributed Time-domain Large-area Sky Survey Telescope Array |
| title_full | A Multilevel Scheduling Framework for Distributed Time-domain Large-area Sky Survey Telescope Array |
| title_fullStr | A Multilevel Scheduling Framework for Distributed Time-domain Large-area Sky Survey Telescope Array |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Multilevel Scheduling Framework for Distributed Time-domain Large-area Sky Survey Telescope Array |
| title_short | A Multilevel Scheduling Framework for Distributed Time-domain Large-area Sky Survey Telescope Array |
| title_sort | multilevel scheduling framework for distributed time domain large area sky survey telescope array |
| topic | Surveys Astronomical models Astronomical methods Observational astronomy |
| url | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/acac24 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT yajiezhang amultilevelschedulingframeworkfordistributedtimedomainlargeareaskysurveytelescopearray AT ceyu amultilevelschedulingframeworkfordistributedtimedomainlargeareaskysurveytelescopearray AT chaosun amultilevelschedulingframeworkfordistributedtimedomainlargeareaskysurveytelescopearray AT zhaohuishang amultilevelschedulingframeworkfordistributedtimedomainlargeareaskysurveytelescopearray AT yihu amultilevelschedulingframeworkfordistributedtimedomainlargeareaskysurveytelescopearray AT huiyuzhi amultilevelschedulingframeworkfordistributedtimedomainlargeareaskysurveytelescopearray AT jinmaoyang amultilevelschedulingframeworkfordistributedtimedomainlargeareaskysurveytelescopearray AT shanjiangtang amultilevelschedulingframeworkfordistributedtimedomainlargeareaskysurveytelescopearray AT yajiezhang multilevelschedulingframeworkfordistributedtimedomainlargeareaskysurveytelescopearray AT ceyu multilevelschedulingframeworkfordistributedtimedomainlargeareaskysurveytelescopearray AT chaosun multilevelschedulingframeworkfordistributedtimedomainlargeareaskysurveytelescopearray AT zhaohuishang multilevelschedulingframeworkfordistributedtimedomainlargeareaskysurveytelescopearray AT yihu multilevelschedulingframeworkfordistributedtimedomainlargeareaskysurveytelescopearray AT huiyuzhi multilevelschedulingframeworkfordistributedtimedomainlargeareaskysurveytelescopearray AT jinmaoyang multilevelschedulingframeworkfordistributedtimedomainlargeareaskysurveytelescopearray AT shanjiangtang multilevelschedulingframeworkfordistributedtimedomainlargeareaskysurveytelescopearray |