Adipokines as Diagnostic and Prognostic Markers for the Severity of COVID-19
Accumulating evidence implicates obesity as a risk factor for increased severity of disease outcomes in patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Obesity is associated with adipose tissue dysfunction, which not only predisposes individuals to metabolic...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-04-01
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| Series: | Biomedicines |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/11/5/1302 |
| _version_ | 1797600949681782784 |
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| author | Thomas Grewal Christa Buechler |
| author_facet | Thomas Grewal Christa Buechler |
| author_sort | Thomas Grewal |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Accumulating evidence implicates obesity as a risk factor for increased severity of disease outcomes in patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Obesity is associated with adipose tissue dysfunction, which not only predisposes individuals to metabolic complications, but also substantially contributes to low-grade systemic inflammation, altered immune cell composition, and compromised immune function. This seems to impact the susceptibility and outcome of diseases caused by viruses, as obese people appear more vulnerable to developing infections and they recover later from infectious diseases than normal-weight individuals. Based on these findings, increased efforts to identify suitable diagnostic and prognostic markers in obese Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients to predict disease outcomes have been made. This includes the analysis of cytokines secreted from adipose tissues (adipokines), which have multiple regulatory functions in the body; for instance, modulating insulin sensitivity, blood pressure, lipid metabolism, appetite, and fertility. Most relevant in the context of viral infections, adipokines also influence the immune cell number, with consequences for overall immune cell activity and function. Hence, the analysis of the circulating levels of diverse adipokines in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 have been considered to reveal diagnostic and prognostic COVID-19 markers. This review article summarizes the findings aimed to correlate the circulating levels of adipokines with progression and disease outcomes of COVID-19. Several studies provided insights on chemerin, adiponectin, leptin, resistin, and galectin-3 levels in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients, while limited information is yet available on the adipokines apelin and visfatin in COVID-19. Altogether, current evidence points at circulating galectin-3 and resistin levels being of diagnostic and prognostic value in COVID-19 disease. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T03:56:02Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-b6b82d4bd9b34a8682cba57fd1c338c2 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2227-9059 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T03:56:02Z |
| publishDate | 2023-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Biomedicines |
| spelling | doaj.art-b6b82d4bd9b34a8682cba57fd1c338c22023-11-18T00:35:00ZengMDPI AGBiomedicines2227-90592023-04-01115130210.3390/biomedicines11051302Adipokines as Diagnostic and Prognostic Markers for the Severity of COVID-19Thomas Grewal0Christa Buechler1School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, AustraliaDepartment of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, 93053 Regensburg, GermanyAccumulating evidence implicates obesity as a risk factor for increased severity of disease outcomes in patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Obesity is associated with adipose tissue dysfunction, which not only predisposes individuals to metabolic complications, but also substantially contributes to low-grade systemic inflammation, altered immune cell composition, and compromised immune function. This seems to impact the susceptibility and outcome of diseases caused by viruses, as obese people appear more vulnerable to developing infections and they recover later from infectious diseases than normal-weight individuals. Based on these findings, increased efforts to identify suitable diagnostic and prognostic markers in obese Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients to predict disease outcomes have been made. This includes the analysis of cytokines secreted from adipose tissues (adipokines), which have multiple regulatory functions in the body; for instance, modulating insulin sensitivity, blood pressure, lipid metabolism, appetite, and fertility. Most relevant in the context of viral infections, adipokines also influence the immune cell number, with consequences for overall immune cell activity and function. Hence, the analysis of the circulating levels of diverse adipokines in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 have been considered to reveal diagnostic and prognostic COVID-19 markers. This review article summarizes the findings aimed to correlate the circulating levels of adipokines with progression and disease outcomes of COVID-19. Several studies provided insights on chemerin, adiponectin, leptin, resistin, and galectin-3 levels in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients, while limited information is yet available on the adipokines apelin and visfatin in COVID-19. Altogether, current evidence points at circulating galectin-3 and resistin levels being of diagnostic and prognostic value in COVID-19 disease.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/11/5/1302adiponectinchemerinleptinSARS-CoV-2COVID-19pneumonia |
| spellingShingle | Thomas Grewal Christa Buechler Adipokines as Diagnostic and Prognostic Markers for the Severity of COVID-19 Biomedicines adiponectin chemerin leptin SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 pneumonia |
| title | Adipokines as Diagnostic and Prognostic Markers for the Severity of COVID-19 |
| title_full | Adipokines as Diagnostic and Prognostic Markers for the Severity of COVID-19 |
| title_fullStr | Adipokines as Diagnostic and Prognostic Markers for the Severity of COVID-19 |
| title_full_unstemmed | Adipokines as Diagnostic and Prognostic Markers for the Severity of COVID-19 |
| title_short | Adipokines as Diagnostic and Prognostic Markers for the Severity of COVID-19 |
| title_sort | adipokines as diagnostic and prognostic markers for the severity of covid 19 |
| topic | adiponectin chemerin leptin SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 pneumonia |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/11/5/1302 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT thomasgrewal adipokinesasdiagnosticandprognosticmarkersfortheseverityofcovid19 AT christabuechler adipokinesasdiagnosticandprognosticmarkersfortheseverityofcovid19 |