Transfer of Early-Stage Lithium Recovery from Laboratory-Scale Water Leaching to Upscale Challenges
The early-stage lithium recovery (ESLR) process associates thermal treatment of the black mass from lithium-ion batteries (LIB) with subsequent leaching, especially with water, targeting Li recovery in the first step of the process chain as lithium carbonate. The validation of ESLR has resulted in h...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2024-01-01
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| Series: | Metals |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4701/14/1/67 |
| _version_ | 1797342953186787328 |
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| author | Daniel Dotto Munchen Ksenija Milicevic Neumann Ilayda Elif Öner Bernd Friedrich |
| author_facet | Daniel Dotto Munchen Ksenija Milicevic Neumann Ilayda Elif Öner Bernd Friedrich |
| author_sort | Daniel Dotto Munchen |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The early-stage lithium recovery (ESLR) process associates thermal treatment of the black mass from lithium-ion batteries (LIB) with subsequent leaching, especially with water, targeting Li recovery in the first step of the process chain as lithium carbonate. The validation of ESLR has resulted in high Li efficiencies; however, currently, researchers have not yet been established the optimum parameters, which brings uncertainties to a further upscale. Based on that, four parameters, including different black masses previously thermally treated in the industry, were investigated in a leaching step in laboratory scale targeting Li and F leaching efficiencies. Through ANOVA statistical analysis, regression equations of the leaching efficiencies for both elements were generated, which supports an optimization study. The optimum parameters were then transferred to an upscale 100 L leaching trial and evaluated. The results in laboratory scale showed that Li maximization and F minimization were achieved at an S/L ratio of 30 g/L, 80 °C, and 6 L/min of CO<sub>2</sub> gas addition, as well as with a sample of bigger particle size and probably more efficient thermal treatment. However, the upscale result with the same parameters showed a lower Li leaching efficiency, which is related to the poor geometric similarity between laboratory and upscale reactors. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T10:40:40Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-b6e298366d374454a3300d9db752ece5 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2075-4701 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T10:40:40Z |
| publishDate | 2024-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Metals |
| spelling | doaj.art-b6e298366d374454a3300d9db752ece52024-01-26T17:41:08ZengMDPI AGMetals2075-47012024-01-011416710.3390/met14010067Transfer of Early-Stage Lithium Recovery from Laboratory-Scale Water Leaching to Upscale ChallengesDaniel Dotto Munchen0Ksenija Milicevic Neumann1Ilayda Elif Öner2Bernd Friedrich3IME Process Metallurgy and Metal Recycling, Institute of RWTH Aachen University, Intzestr. 3, 52056 Aachen, GermanyIME Process Metallurgy and Metal Recycling, Institute of RWTH Aachen University, Intzestr. 3, 52056 Aachen, GermanyIME Process Metallurgy and Metal Recycling, Institute of RWTH Aachen University, Intzestr. 3, 52056 Aachen, GermanyIME Process Metallurgy and Metal Recycling, Institute of RWTH Aachen University, Intzestr. 3, 52056 Aachen, GermanyThe early-stage lithium recovery (ESLR) process associates thermal treatment of the black mass from lithium-ion batteries (LIB) with subsequent leaching, especially with water, targeting Li recovery in the first step of the process chain as lithium carbonate. The validation of ESLR has resulted in high Li efficiencies; however, currently, researchers have not yet been established the optimum parameters, which brings uncertainties to a further upscale. Based on that, four parameters, including different black masses previously thermally treated in the industry, were investigated in a leaching step in laboratory scale targeting Li and F leaching efficiencies. Through ANOVA statistical analysis, regression equations of the leaching efficiencies for both elements were generated, which supports an optimization study. The optimum parameters were then transferred to an upscale 100 L leaching trial and evaluated. The results in laboratory scale showed that Li maximization and F minimization were achieved at an S/L ratio of 30 g/L, 80 °C, and 6 L/min of CO<sub>2</sub> gas addition, as well as with a sample of bigger particle size and probably more efficient thermal treatment. However, the upscale result with the same parameters showed a lower Li leaching efficiency, which is related to the poor geometric similarity between laboratory and upscale reactors.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4701/14/1/67black masswater leachinglithiumupscale |
| spellingShingle | Daniel Dotto Munchen Ksenija Milicevic Neumann Ilayda Elif Öner Bernd Friedrich Transfer of Early-Stage Lithium Recovery from Laboratory-Scale Water Leaching to Upscale Challenges Metals black mass water leaching lithium upscale |
| title | Transfer of Early-Stage Lithium Recovery from Laboratory-Scale Water Leaching to Upscale Challenges |
| title_full | Transfer of Early-Stage Lithium Recovery from Laboratory-Scale Water Leaching to Upscale Challenges |
| title_fullStr | Transfer of Early-Stage Lithium Recovery from Laboratory-Scale Water Leaching to Upscale Challenges |
| title_full_unstemmed | Transfer of Early-Stage Lithium Recovery from Laboratory-Scale Water Leaching to Upscale Challenges |
| title_short | Transfer of Early-Stage Lithium Recovery from Laboratory-Scale Water Leaching to Upscale Challenges |
| title_sort | transfer of early stage lithium recovery from laboratory scale water leaching to upscale challenges |
| topic | black mass water leaching lithium upscale |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4701/14/1/67 |
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