Catalysis of Silver and Bismuth in Various Epoxy Resins
Epoxy resins find extensive utility across diverse applications owing to their exceptional adhesion capabilities and robust mechanical and thermal characteristics. However, the demanding reaction conditions, including extended reaction times and elevated reaction temperature requirements, pose signi...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2024-02-01
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| Series: | Polymers |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/3/439 |
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| author | Hayun Jeong Keon-Soo Jang |
| author_facet | Hayun Jeong Keon-Soo Jang |
| author_sort | Hayun Jeong |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Epoxy resins find extensive utility across diverse applications owing to their exceptional adhesion capabilities and robust mechanical and thermal characteristics. However, the demanding reaction conditions, including extended reaction times and elevated reaction temperature requirements, pose significant challenges when using epoxy resins, particularly in advanced applications seeking superior material properties. To surmount these limitations, the conventional approach involves incorporating organic catalysts. Within the ambit of this investigation, we explored the catalytic potential of metallic powders, specifically bismuth (Bi) and silver (Ag), in epoxy resins laden with various curing agents, such as diacids, anhydrides, and amines. Metallic powders exhibited efficacious catalytic activity in epoxy–diacid and epoxy–anhydride systems. In contrast, their influence on epoxy–amine systems was rendered negligible, attributed to the absence of requisite carboxylate functional groups. Additionally, the catalytic performance of Bi and Ag are different, with Bi displaying superior efficiency owing to the presence of inherent metal oxide layers on its powder surfaces. Remarkably, the thermal and mechanical properties of uncatalyzed, fully cured epoxy resins closely paralleled those of their catalyzed counterparts. These findings accentuate the potential of Bi and Ag metal catalysts, particularly in epoxy–diacid and epoxy–anhydride systems, spanning a spectrum of epoxy-based applications. In summary, this investigation elucidates the catalytic capabilities of Bi and Ag metal powders, underscoring their ability to enhance the curing rate of epoxy resin systems involving diacids and anhydrides but not amines. This research points toward a promising trajectory for multifarious epoxy-related applications. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T03:50:07Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-b7061e32b1834963a0cc1ce1e2c3c234 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4360 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T03:50:07Z |
| publishDate | 2024-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Polymers |
| spelling | doaj.art-b7061e32b1834963a0cc1ce1e2c3c2342024-02-09T15:21:04ZengMDPI AGPolymers2073-43602024-02-0116343910.3390/polym16030439Catalysis of Silver and Bismuth in Various Epoxy ResinsHayun Jeong0Keon-Soo Jang1Department of Polymer Engineering, School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, The University of Suwon, Hwaseong 18323, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Polymer Engineering, School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, The University of Suwon, Hwaseong 18323, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of KoreaEpoxy resins find extensive utility across diverse applications owing to their exceptional adhesion capabilities and robust mechanical and thermal characteristics. However, the demanding reaction conditions, including extended reaction times and elevated reaction temperature requirements, pose significant challenges when using epoxy resins, particularly in advanced applications seeking superior material properties. To surmount these limitations, the conventional approach involves incorporating organic catalysts. Within the ambit of this investigation, we explored the catalytic potential of metallic powders, specifically bismuth (Bi) and silver (Ag), in epoxy resins laden with various curing agents, such as diacids, anhydrides, and amines. Metallic powders exhibited efficacious catalytic activity in epoxy–diacid and epoxy–anhydride systems. In contrast, their influence on epoxy–amine systems was rendered negligible, attributed to the absence of requisite carboxylate functional groups. Additionally, the catalytic performance of Bi and Ag are different, with Bi displaying superior efficiency owing to the presence of inherent metal oxide layers on its powder surfaces. Remarkably, the thermal and mechanical properties of uncatalyzed, fully cured epoxy resins closely paralleled those of their catalyzed counterparts. These findings accentuate the potential of Bi and Ag metal catalysts, particularly in epoxy–diacid and epoxy–anhydride systems, spanning a spectrum of epoxy-based applications. In summary, this investigation elucidates the catalytic capabilities of Bi and Ag metal powders, underscoring their ability to enhance the curing rate of epoxy resin systems involving diacids and anhydrides but not amines. This research points toward a promising trajectory for multifarious epoxy-related applications.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/3/439catalysismetal catalystsbismuthcopperepoxyanhydride |
| spellingShingle | Hayun Jeong Keon-Soo Jang Catalysis of Silver and Bismuth in Various Epoxy Resins Polymers catalysis metal catalysts bismuth copper epoxy anhydride |
| title | Catalysis of Silver and Bismuth in Various Epoxy Resins |
| title_full | Catalysis of Silver and Bismuth in Various Epoxy Resins |
| title_fullStr | Catalysis of Silver and Bismuth in Various Epoxy Resins |
| title_full_unstemmed | Catalysis of Silver and Bismuth in Various Epoxy Resins |
| title_short | Catalysis of Silver and Bismuth in Various Epoxy Resins |
| title_sort | catalysis of silver and bismuth in various epoxy resins |
| topic | catalysis metal catalysts bismuth copper epoxy anhydride |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/3/439 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT hayunjeong catalysisofsilverandbismuthinvariousepoxyresins AT keonsoojang catalysisofsilverandbismuthinvariousepoxyresins |