Extracellular Vesicles in HTLV-1 Communication: The Story of an Invisible Messenger
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infects 5–10 million people worldwide and is the causative agent of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) as well as other inflammatory diseases. A major concern is that the most m...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2020-12-01
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| Series: | Viruses |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/12/12/1422 |
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| author | Sarah Al Sharif Daniel O. Pinto Gifty A. Mensah Fatemeh Dehbandi Pooja Khatkar Yuriy Kim Heather Branscome Fatah Kashanchi |
| author_facet | Sarah Al Sharif Daniel O. Pinto Gifty A. Mensah Fatemeh Dehbandi Pooja Khatkar Yuriy Kim Heather Branscome Fatah Kashanchi |
| author_sort | Sarah Al Sharif |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infects 5–10 million people worldwide and is the causative agent of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) as well as other inflammatory diseases. A major concern is that the most majority of individuals with HTLV-1 are asymptomatic carriers and that there is limited global attention by health care officials, setting up potential conditions for increased viral spread. HTLV-1 transmission occurs primarily through sexual intercourse, blood transfusion, intravenous drug usage, and breast feeding. Currently, there is no cure for HTLV-1 infection and only limited treatment options exist, such as class I interferons (IFN) and Zidovudine (AZT), with poor prognosis. Recently, small membrane-bound structures, known as extracellular vesicles (EVs), have received increased attention due to their potential to carry viral cargo (RNA and proteins) in multiple pathogenic infections (i.e., human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1), Zika virus, and HTLV-1). In the case of HTLV-1, EVs isolated from the peripheral blood and cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) of HAM/TSP patients contained the viral transactivator protein Tax. Additionally, EVs derived from HTLV-1-infected cells (HTLV-1 EVs) promote functional effects such as cell aggregation which enhance viral spread. In this review, we present current knowledge surrounding EVs and their potential role as immune-modulating agents in cancer and other infectious diseases such as HTLV-1 and HIV-1. We discuss various features of EVs that make them prime targets for possible vehicles of future diagnostics and therapies. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T14:10:03Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-b712587021fc4ee3a766e7bf8d2dfecb |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1999-4915 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T14:10:03Z |
| publishDate | 2020-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Viruses |
| spelling | doaj.art-b712587021fc4ee3a766e7bf8d2dfecb2023-11-21T00:16:39ZengMDPI AGViruses1999-49152020-12-011212142210.3390/v12121422Extracellular Vesicles in HTLV-1 Communication: The Story of an Invisible MessengerSarah Al Sharif0Daniel O. Pinto1Gifty A. Mensah2Fatemeh Dehbandi3Pooja Khatkar4Yuriy Kim5Heather Branscome6Fatah Kashanchi7Laboratory of Molecular Virology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USALaboratory of Molecular Virology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USALaboratory of Molecular Virology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USALaboratory of Molecular Virology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USALaboratory of Molecular Virology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USALaboratory of Molecular Virology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USALaboratory of Molecular Virology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USALaboratory of Molecular Virology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USAHuman T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infects 5–10 million people worldwide and is the causative agent of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) as well as other inflammatory diseases. A major concern is that the most majority of individuals with HTLV-1 are asymptomatic carriers and that there is limited global attention by health care officials, setting up potential conditions for increased viral spread. HTLV-1 transmission occurs primarily through sexual intercourse, blood transfusion, intravenous drug usage, and breast feeding. Currently, there is no cure for HTLV-1 infection and only limited treatment options exist, such as class I interferons (IFN) and Zidovudine (AZT), with poor prognosis. Recently, small membrane-bound structures, known as extracellular vesicles (EVs), have received increased attention due to their potential to carry viral cargo (RNA and proteins) in multiple pathogenic infections (i.e., human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1), Zika virus, and HTLV-1). In the case of HTLV-1, EVs isolated from the peripheral blood and cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) of HAM/TSP patients contained the viral transactivator protein Tax. Additionally, EVs derived from HTLV-1-infected cells (HTLV-1 EVs) promote functional effects such as cell aggregation which enhance viral spread. In this review, we present current knowledge surrounding EVs and their potential role as immune-modulating agents in cancer and other infectious diseases such as HTLV-1 and HIV-1. We discuss various features of EVs that make them prime targets for possible vehicles of future diagnostics and therapies.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/12/12/1422HTLV-1ATLLHAM/TSPextracellular vesicleEVscell-cell contact |
| spellingShingle | Sarah Al Sharif Daniel O. Pinto Gifty A. Mensah Fatemeh Dehbandi Pooja Khatkar Yuriy Kim Heather Branscome Fatah Kashanchi Extracellular Vesicles in HTLV-1 Communication: The Story of an Invisible Messenger Viruses HTLV-1 ATLL HAM/TSP extracellular vesicle EVs cell-cell contact |
| title | Extracellular Vesicles in HTLV-1 Communication: The Story of an Invisible Messenger |
| title_full | Extracellular Vesicles in HTLV-1 Communication: The Story of an Invisible Messenger |
| title_fullStr | Extracellular Vesicles in HTLV-1 Communication: The Story of an Invisible Messenger |
| title_full_unstemmed | Extracellular Vesicles in HTLV-1 Communication: The Story of an Invisible Messenger |
| title_short | Extracellular Vesicles in HTLV-1 Communication: The Story of an Invisible Messenger |
| title_sort | extracellular vesicles in htlv 1 communication the story of an invisible messenger |
| topic | HTLV-1 ATLL HAM/TSP extracellular vesicle EVs cell-cell contact |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/12/12/1422 |
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