A Comparative Study of Heavy Metal Pollution in Ambient Air and the Health Risks Assessment in Industrial, Urban and Semi-Urban Areas of West Bengal, India: An Evaluation of Carcinogenic, Non-Carcinogenic, and Additional Lifetime Cancer Cases
Air pollution is an immense problem due to its detrimental health effects on human populations. This study investigates the distribution of particle-bound heavy metals and associated health risks in three diverse areas (Durgapur as an industrial complex, Kolkata as an urban area, and Bolpur as a sem...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-11-01
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| Series: | Environments |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3298/10/11/190 |
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| author | Buddhadev Ghosh Pratap Kumar Padhy Soumya Niyogi Pulak Kumar Patra Markus Hecker |
| author_facet | Buddhadev Ghosh Pratap Kumar Padhy Soumya Niyogi Pulak Kumar Patra Markus Hecker |
| author_sort | Buddhadev Ghosh |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Air pollution is an immense problem due to its detrimental health effects on human populations. This study investigates the distribution of particle-bound heavy metals and associated health risks in three diverse areas (Durgapur as an industrial complex, Kolkata as an urban area, and Bolpur as a semi-urban region) in West Bengal, India. Twenty-one (84 samples) sampling sites were chosen, covering industrial, traffic, residential, and sensitive zones. The respirable suspended particulate matter (RSPM) samples were collected using a portable Mini-Vol Tactical Air Sampler, and heavy metal concentrations (Cd, Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb, and As) were analyzed using ICP-OES. The non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks were assessed using exposure concentration (<i>EC</i>), hazard quotient (<i>HQ</i>), hazard index (HI), and additional lifetime cancer cases. The results highlight variations in heavy metal concentrations across the regions, with industrial areas exhibiting higher levels. Principal component analysis (PCA) unveiled distinct metal co-variation patterns, reflecting sources such as industrial emissions, traffic, and natural contributors. The sum of non-carcinogenic risks (HI) of all heavy metals exceeded the US EPA’s risk limit (<i>HI</i><1) in both Kolkata and Durgapur, except for Bolpur. Similarly, the sum of cancer risk in three distinct areas exceeded the USEPA limits (1.00E-06). The Monte Carlo simulation revealed the 5th and 95th percentile range of cancer risk was 9.12E-06 to 1.12E-05 in Bolpur, 3.72E-05 to 4.49E-05 in Durgapur and 2.13E-05 to 2.57E-05 in Kolkata. Kolkata had the highest additional lifetime cancer cases compared to Bolpur and Durgapur. This study provides information on the complex connections between heavy metal pollution and possible health risks in industrial, urban, and semi-urban regions. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:51:09Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-b772404aa6d64ac0bdbd3e89d04db3f7 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3298 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:51:09Z |
| publishDate | 2023-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Environments |
| spelling | doaj.art-b772404aa6d64ac0bdbd3e89d04db3f72023-11-24T14:41:10ZengMDPI AGEnvironments2076-32982023-11-01101119010.3390/environments10110190A Comparative Study of Heavy Metal Pollution in Ambient Air and the Health Risks Assessment in Industrial, Urban and Semi-Urban Areas of West Bengal, India: An Evaluation of Carcinogenic, Non-Carcinogenic, and Additional Lifetime Cancer CasesBuddhadev Ghosh0Pratap Kumar Padhy1Soumya Niyogi2Pulak Kumar Patra3Markus Hecker4Department of Environmental Studies, Siksha Bhavana (Institute of Science), Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan 731235, IndiaDepartment of Environmental Studies, Siksha Bhavana (Institute of Science), Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan 731235, IndiaDepartment of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, CanadaDepartment of Environmental Studies, Siksha Bhavana (Institute of Science), Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan 731235, IndiaToxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, CanadaAir pollution is an immense problem due to its detrimental health effects on human populations. This study investigates the distribution of particle-bound heavy metals and associated health risks in three diverse areas (Durgapur as an industrial complex, Kolkata as an urban area, and Bolpur as a semi-urban region) in West Bengal, India. Twenty-one (84 samples) sampling sites were chosen, covering industrial, traffic, residential, and sensitive zones. The respirable suspended particulate matter (RSPM) samples were collected using a portable Mini-Vol Tactical Air Sampler, and heavy metal concentrations (Cd, Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb, and As) were analyzed using ICP-OES. The non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks were assessed using exposure concentration (<i>EC</i>), hazard quotient (<i>HQ</i>), hazard index (HI), and additional lifetime cancer cases. The results highlight variations in heavy metal concentrations across the regions, with industrial areas exhibiting higher levels. Principal component analysis (PCA) unveiled distinct metal co-variation patterns, reflecting sources such as industrial emissions, traffic, and natural contributors. The sum of non-carcinogenic risks (HI) of all heavy metals exceeded the US EPA’s risk limit (<i>HI</i><1) in both Kolkata and Durgapur, except for Bolpur. Similarly, the sum of cancer risk in three distinct areas exceeded the USEPA limits (1.00E-06). The Monte Carlo simulation revealed the 5th and 95th percentile range of cancer risk was 9.12E-06 to 1.12E-05 in Bolpur, 3.72E-05 to 4.49E-05 in Durgapur and 2.13E-05 to 2.57E-05 in Kolkata. Kolkata had the highest additional lifetime cancer cases compared to Bolpur and Durgapur. This study provides information on the complex connections between heavy metal pollution and possible health risks in industrial, urban, and semi-urban regions.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3298/10/11/190additional lifetime cancer riskhealth risksheavy metalsPCArespirable suspended particulate matter (RSPM) |
| spellingShingle | Buddhadev Ghosh Pratap Kumar Padhy Soumya Niyogi Pulak Kumar Patra Markus Hecker A Comparative Study of Heavy Metal Pollution in Ambient Air and the Health Risks Assessment in Industrial, Urban and Semi-Urban Areas of West Bengal, India: An Evaluation of Carcinogenic, Non-Carcinogenic, and Additional Lifetime Cancer Cases Environments additional lifetime cancer risk health risks heavy metals PCA respirable suspended particulate matter (RSPM) |
| title | A Comparative Study of Heavy Metal Pollution in Ambient Air and the Health Risks Assessment in Industrial, Urban and Semi-Urban Areas of West Bengal, India: An Evaluation of Carcinogenic, Non-Carcinogenic, and Additional Lifetime Cancer Cases |
| title_full | A Comparative Study of Heavy Metal Pollution in Ambient Air and the Health Risks Assessment in Industrial, Urban and Semi-Urban Areas of West Bengal, India: An Evaluation of Carcinogenic, Non-Carcinogenic, and Additional Lifetime Cancer Cases |
| title_fullStr | A Comparative Study of Heavy Metal Pollution in Ambient Air and the Health Risks Assessment in Industrial, Urban and Semi-Urban Areas of West Bengal, India: An Evaluation of Carcinogenic, Non-Carcinogenic, and Additional Lifetime Cancer Cases |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Comparative Study of Heavy Metal Pollution in Ambient Air and the Health Risks Assessment in Industrial, Urban and Semi-Urban Areas of West Bengal, India: An Evaluation of Carcinogenic, Non-Carcinogenic, and Additional Lifetime Cancer Cases |
| title_short | A Comparative Study of Heavy Metal Pollution in Ambient Air and the Health Risks Assessment in Industrial, Urban and Semi-Urban Areas of West Bengal, India: An Evaluation of Carcinogenic, Non-Carcinogenic, and Additional Lifetime Cancer Cases |
| title_sort | comparative study of heavy metal pollution in ambient air and the health risks assessment in industrial urban and semi urban areas of west bengal india an evaluation of carcinogenic non carcinogenic and additional lifetime cancer cases |
| topic | additional lifetime cancer risk health risks heavy metals PCA respirable suspended particulate matter (RSPM) |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3298/10/11/190 |
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