Manifestation of Triploid Heterosis in the Root System after Crossing Diploid and Autotetraploid Energy Willow Plants
Successful use of woody species in reducing climatic and environmental risks of energy shortage and spreading pollution requires deeper understanding of the physiological functions controlling biomass productivity and phytoremediation efficiency. Targets in the breeding of energy willow include the...
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MDPI AG
2023-10-01
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| author | Dénes Dudits András Cseri Katalin Török Radomira Vankova Petre I. Dobrev László Sass Gábor Steinbach Ildikó Kelemen-Valkony Zoltán Zombori Györgyi Ferenc Ferhan Ayaydin |
| author_facet | Dénes Dudits András Cseri Katalin Török Radomira Vankova Petre I. Dobrev László Sass Gábor Steinbach Ildikó Kelemen-Valkony Zoltán Zombori Györgyi Ferenc Ferhan Ayaydin |
| author_sort | Dénes Dudits |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Successful use of woody species in reducing climatic and environmental risks of energy shortage and spreading pollution requires deeper understanding of the physiological functions controlling biomass productivity and phytoremediation efficiency. Targets in the breeding of energy willow include the size and the functionality of the root system. For the combination of polyploidy and heterosis, we have generated triploid hybrids (THs) of energy willow by crossing autotetraploid willow plants with leading cultivars (Tordis and Inger). These novel <i>Salix</i> genotypes (TH3/12, TH17/17, TH21/2) have provided a unique experimental material for characterization of Mid-Parent Heterosis (MPH) in various root traits. Using a root phenotyping platform, we detected heterosis (TH3/12: MPH 43.99%; TH21/2: MPH 26.93%) in the size of the root system in soil. Triploid heterosis was also recorded in the fresh root weights, but it was less pronounced (MPH%: 9.63–19.31). In agreement with root growth characteristics in soil, the TH3/12 hybrids showed considerable heterosis (MPH: 70.08%) under in vitro conditions. Confocal microscopy-based imaging and quantitative analysis of root parenchyma cells at the division–elongation transition zone showed increased average cell diameter as a sign of cellular heterosis in plants from TH17/17 and TH21/2 triploid lines. Analysis of the hormonal background revealed that the auxin level was seven times higher than the total cytokinin contents in root tips of parental Tordis plants. In triploid hybrids, the auxin–cytokinin ratios were considerably reduced in TH3/12 and TH17/17 roots. In particular, the contents of cytokinin precursor, such as isopentenyl adenosine monophosphate, were elevated in all three triploid hybrids. Heterosis was also recorded in the amounts of active gibberellin precursor, GA<sub>19</sub>, in roots of TH3/12 plants. The presented experimental findings highlight the physiological basics of triploid heterosis in energy willow roots. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T10:15:05Z |
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| id | doaj.art-b77fca1ae4104bc0a29b9c745efee475 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4425 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T10:15:05Z |
| publishDate | 2023-10-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-b77fca1ae4104bc0a29b9c745efee4752023-11-16T10:29:49ZengMDPI AGGenes2073-44252023-10-011410192910.3390/genes14101929Manifestation of Triploid Heterosis in the Root System after Crossing Diploid and Autotetraploid Energy Willow PlantsDénes Dudits0András Cseri1Katalin Török2Radomira Vankova3Petre I. Dobrev4László Sass5Gábor Steinbach6Ildikó Kelemen-Valkony7Zoltán Zombori8Györgyi Ferenc9Ferhan Ayaydin10Institute of Plant Biology, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, 6726 Szeged, HungaryInstitute of Plant Biology, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, 6726 Szeged, HungaryInstitute of Plant Biology, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, 6726 Szeged, HungaryInstitute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, 165 02 Prague, Czech RepublicInstitute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, 165 02 Prague, Czech RepublicInstitute of Plant Biology, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, 6726 Szeged, HungaryLaboratory of Cellular Imaging, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, 6726 Szeged, HungaryLaboratory of Cellular Imaging, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, 6726 Szeged, HungaryInstitute of Plant Biology, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, 6726 Szeged, HungaryInstitute of Plant Biology, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, 6726 Szeged, HungaryLaboratory of Cellular Imaging, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, 6726 Szeged, HungarySuccessful use of woody species in reducing climatic and environmental risks of energy shortage and spreading pollution requires deeper understanding of the physiological functions controlling biomass productivity and phytoremediation efficiency. Targets in the breeding of energy willow include the size and the functionality of the root system. For the combination of polyploidy and heterosis, we have generated triploid hybrids (THs) of energy willow by crossing autotetraploid willow plants with leading cultivars (Tordis and Inger). These novel <i>Salix</i> genotypes (TH3/12, TH17/17, TH21/2) have provided a unique experimental material for characterization of Mid-Parent Heterosis (MPH) in various root traits. Using a root phenotyping platform, we detected heterosis (TH3/12: MPH 43.99%; TH21/2: MPH 26.93%) in the size of the root system in soil. Triploid heterosis was also recorded in the fresh root weights, but it was less pronounced (MPH%: 9.63–19.31). In agreement with root growth characteristics in soil, the TH3/12 hybrids showed considerable heterosis (MPH: 70.08%) under in vitro conditions. Confocal microscopy-based imaging and quantitative analysis of root parenchyma cells at the division–elongation transition zone showed increased average cell diameter as a sign of cellular heterosis in plants from TH17/17 and TH21/2 triploid lines. Analysis of the hormonal background revealed that the auxin level was seven times higher than the total cytokinin contents in root tips of parental Tordis plants. In triploid hybrids, the auxin–cytokinin ratios were considerably reduced in TH3/12 and TH17/17 roots. In particular, the contents of cytokinin precursor, such as isopentenyl adenosine monophosphate, were elevated in all three triploid hybrids. Heterosis was also recorded in the amounts of active gibberellin precursor, GA<sub>19</sub>, in roots of TH3/12 plants. The presented experimental findings highlight the physiological basics of triploid heterosis in energy willow roots.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/14/10/1929<i>Salix</i>hybrid vigormid-parent heterosisroot developmentauxin–cytokinin ratiocell cycle |
| spellingShingle | Dénes Dudits András Cseri Katalin Török Radomira Vankova Petre I. Dobrev László Sass Gábor Steinbach Ildikó Kelemen-Valkony Zoltán Zombori Györgyi Ferenc Ferhan Ayaydin Manifestation of Triploid Heterosis in the Root System after Crossing Diploid and Autotetraploid Energy Willow Plants Genes <i>Salix</i> hybrid vigor mid-parent heterosis root development auxin–cytokinin ratio cell cycle |
| title | Manifestation of Triploid Heterosis in the Root System after Crossing Diploid and Autotetraploid Energy Willow Plants |
| title_full | Manifestation of Triploid Heterosis in the Root System after Crossing Diploid and Autotetraploid Energy Willow Plants |
| title_fullStr | Manifestation of Triploid Heterosis in the Root System after Crossing Diploid and Autotetraploid Energy Willow Plants |
| title_full_unstemmed | Manifestation of Triploid Heterosis in the Root System after Crossing Diploid and Autotetraploid Energy Willow Plants |
| title_short | Manifestation of Triploid Heterosis in the Root System after Crossing Diploid and Autotetraploid Energy Willow Plants |
| title_sort | manifestation of triploid heterosis in the root system after crossing diploid and autotetraploid energy willow plants |
| topic | <i>Salix</i> hybrid vigor mid-parent heterosis root development auxin–cytokinin ratio cell cycle |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/14/10/1929 |
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