Inmovilización de hongos ligninolíticos para la remoción del colorante negro reactivo 5
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #4d4d4d; font-family: AGaramondPro-Bold; mso-bidi-font-family: AGaramondPro-Bold; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US"...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | Spanish |
| Published: |
Universidad Nacional de Colombia
2009-06-01
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| Series: | Revista Colombiana de Biotecnología |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/biotecnologia/article/view/10322 |
| _version_ | 1818273647274491904 |
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| author | Jorge Andrés Fernández Lina María Henao Aura Marina Pedroza-Rodríguez Balkys Quevedo-Hidalgo |
| author_facet | Jorge Andrés Fernández Lina María Henao Aura Marina Pedroza-Rodríguez Balkys Quevedo-Hidalgo |
| author_sort | Jorge Andrés Fernández |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #4d4d4d; font-family: AGaramondPro-Bold; mso-bidi-font-family: AGaramondPro-Bold; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Immobilising lignilolytic fungus for removing reactive black 5 dye</span></span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: AGaramondPro-Bold; mso-bidi-font-family: AGaramondPro-Bold; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> </span></span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: AGaramondPro-Bold; mso-bidi-font-family: AGaramondPro-Bold;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Resumen: </span></span></strong><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">La presencia de colorantes azoicos en aguas residuales de la industria textil es un problema ambiental y sanitario, porque muchos de estos compuestos son cancerígenos. Los tratamientos biológicos son una alternativa para la remoción de ese tipo de colorantes. En el presente trabajo se evaluó el efecto de tres hongos de podredumbre blanca, </span><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Garamond-Italic; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond-Italic;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Trametes versicolor</span></span></em><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">, </span><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Garamond-Italic; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond-Italic;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Pleurotus ostreatus </span></span></em><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">y </span><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Garamond-Italic; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond-Italic;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Phanerochaete chrysosporium </span></span></em><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">sobre la decoloración de un agua que contiene colorante negro reactivo 5 (NR5), ampliamente usado en la industria textil. Se estudió la inmovilización de estos hongos en dos soportes, espuma de poliuretano y estropajo (</span><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Garamond-Italic; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond-Italic;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">L. cylíndrica</span></span></em><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">) para seleccionar el mejor soporte y el hongo con mayor capacidad para la decoloración. Ambos soportes fueron igualmente efectivos, pero se seleccionó estropajo por ser un producto natural. El hongo que generó los mayores porcentajes de decoloración en 4 días fue </span><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Garamond-Italic; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond-Italic;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Trametes versicolor</span></span></em><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">, con 96%, 98% y 98% para agua con concentración de NR5 300 ppm, 150 ppm y 75 ppm, respectivamente</span><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Garamond-Italic; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond-Italic;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">. </span></span></em><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">La actividad lacasa para cada concentración de NR5 fue 8 U L-1, 7 U L-1 y 5 U L-1.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Garamond-Bold; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond-Bold;">Palabras clave: </span></strong><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Garamond-Italic; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond-Italic;">, Trametes versicolor; Pleurotus ostreatus y Phanerochaete chrysosporium Luffa cylindrinca; </span></em></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">espuma de poliuretano y negro reactivo 5</span><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Garamond-Italic; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond-Italic;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">.</span></span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: AGaramondPro-Bold; mso-bidi-font-family: AGaramondPro-Bold; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> </span></span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: AGaramondPro-Bold; mso-bidi-font-family: AGaramondPro-Bold; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Abstract: </span></span></strong><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">Waste water from the textile industry represents a major environmental and health problem because it contains azo dyes whose carcirogenic effect has been tested in research. Biological treatment represents a valuable alternative for removing these dyes. The effect of </span><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Garamond-Italic; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond-Italic; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Trametes versicolor, Pleurotus ostreatus </span></span></em><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">and </span><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Garamond-Italic; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond-Italic; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Phanerochaete chrysosporium</span></span></em><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US"> rot fungi on decoloration of water containing reactive black five (NR5) textile dye was evaluated in this work. Immobilising the fungi on polyurethane foam and luffa sponge (</span><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Garamond-Italic; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond-Italic; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Luffa cylindrica</span></span></em><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">) supports was studied</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #333333; font-family: Optimum-Roman; mso-bidi-font-family: Optimum-Roman; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">in order to select the best support and the fungi having the best decolorisation. Both supports were equally effective; however, the luffa sponge was selected as being a natural product. Trametes versicolor produced the highest decolorisation percentages in four days (96%, 98% and 98% for 300 ppm, 150 ppm and 75 ppm NR5 concentrations, respectively) while lacase enzyme activity was 8 UL</span><span style="font-size: 6pt; font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">-1</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">, 7 UL</span><span style="font-size: 6pt; font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">-1 </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">and 5 UL</span><span style="font-size: 6pt; font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">-1 </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">for each of them.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Garamond-Bold; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond-Bold; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">Key words: </span></strong><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Garamond-Italic; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond-Italic; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">Trametes versicolor; Pleurotus ostreatus; Phanerochaete chrysosporium Luffa cylindrinca; <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></em></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">polyurethane foam; reactive black 5 dye.</span></p> |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-12T22:01:17Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-b782afad8db54cb7b874783445e5d820 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 0123-3475 1909-8758 |
| language | Spanish |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-12T22:01:17Z |
| publishDate | 2009-06-01 |
| publisher | Universidad Nacional de Colombia |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Revista Colombiana de Biotecnología |
| spelling | doaj.art-b782afad8db54cb7b874783445e5d8202022-12-22T00:10:30ZspaUniversidad Nacional de ColombiaRevista Colombiana de Biotecnología0123-34751909-87582009-06-0111159729780Inmovilización de hongos ligninolíticos para la remoción del colorante negro reactivo 5Jorge Andrés Fernández0Lina María Henao1Aura Marina Pedroza-Rodríguez2Balkys Quevedo-Hidalgo3Microbiólogo industrialMicrobióloga industrialInvestigadoraInvestigadora<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #4d4d4d; font-family: AGaramondPro-Bold; mso-bidi-font-family: AGaramondPro-Bold; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Immobilising lignilolytic fungus for removing reactive black 5 dye</span></span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: AGaramondPro-Bold; mso-bidi-font-family: AGaramondPro-Bold; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> </span></span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: AGaramondPro-Bold; mso-bidi-font-family: AGaramondPro-Bold;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Resumen: </span></span></strong><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">La presencia de colorantes azoicos en aguas residuales de la industria textil es un problema ambiental y sanitario, porque muchos de estos compuestos son cancerígenos. Los tratamientos biológicos son una alternativa para la remoción de ese tipo de colorantes. En el presente trabajo se evaluó el efecto de tres hongos de podredumbre blanca, </span><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Garamond-Italic; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond-Italic;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Trametes versicolor</span></span></em><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">, </span><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Garamond-Italic; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond-Italic;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Pleurotus ostreatus </span></span></em><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">y </span><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Garamond-Italic; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond-Italic;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Phanerochaete chrysosporium </span></span></em><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">sobre la decoloración de un agua que contiene colorante negro reactivo 5 (NR5), ampliamente usado en la industria textil. Se estudió la inmovilización de estos hongos en dos soportes, espuma de poliuretano y estropajo (</span><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Garamond-Italic; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond-Italic;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">L. cylíndrica</span></span></em><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">) para seleccionar el mejor soporte y el hongo con mayor capacidad para la decoloración. Ambos soportes fueron igualmente efectivos, pero se seleccionó estropajo por ser un producto natural. El hongo que generó los mayores porcentajes de decoloración en 4 días fue </span><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Garamond-Italic; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond-Italic;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Trametes versicolor</span></span></em><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">, con 96%, 98% y 98% para agua con concentración de NR5 300 ppm, 150 ppm y 75 ppm, respectivamente</span><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Garamond-Italic; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond-Italic;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">. </span></span></em><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">La actividad lacasa para cada concentración de NR5 fue 8 U L-1, 7 U L-1 y 5 U L-1.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Garamond-Bold; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond-Bold;">Palabras clave: </span></strong><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Garamond-Italic; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond-Italic;">, Trametes versicolor; Pleurotus ostreatus y Phanerochaete chrysosporium Luffa cylindrinca; </span></em></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">espuma de poliuretano y negro reactivo 5</span><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Garamond-Italic; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond-Italic;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">.</span></span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: AGaramondPro-Bold; mso-bidi-font-family: AGaramondPro-Bold; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> </span></span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><strong><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: AGaramondPro-Bold; mso-bidi-font-family: AGaramondPro-Bold; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Abstract: </span></span></strong><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">Waste water from the textile industry represents a major environmental and health problem because it contains azo dyes whose carcirogenic effect has been tested in research. Biological treatment represents a valuable alternative for removing these dyes. The effect of </span><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Garamond-Italic; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond-Italic; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Trametes versicolor, Pleurotus ostreatus </span></span></em><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">and </span><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Garamond-Italic; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond-Italic; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Phanerochaete chrysosporium</span></span></em><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US"> rot fungi on decoloration of water containing reactive black five (NR5) textile dye was evaluated in this work. Immobilising the fungi on polyurethane foam and luffa sponge (</span><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Garamond-Italic; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond-Italic; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Luffa cylindrica</span></span></em><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">) supports was studied</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #333333; font-family: Optimum-Roman; mso-bidi-font-family: Optimum-Roman; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">in order to select the best support and the fungi having the best decolorisation. Both supports were equally effective; however, the luffa sponge was selected as being a natural product. Trametes versicolor produced the highest decolorisation percentages in four days (96%, 98% and 98% for 300 ppm, 150 ppm and 75 ppm NR5 concentrations, respectively) while lacase enzyme activity was 8 UL</span><span style="font-size: 6pt; font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">-1</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">, 7 UL</span><span style="font-size: 6pt; font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">-1 </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">and 5 UL</span><span style="font-size: 6pt; font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">-1 </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">for each of them.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Garamond-Bold; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond-Bold; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">Key words: </span></strong><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Garamond-Italic; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond-Italic; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">Trametes versicolor; Pleurotus ostreatus; Phanerochaete chrysosporium Luffa cylindrinca; <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></em></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">polyurethane foam; reactive black 5 dye.</span></p>http://www.revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/biotecnologia/article/view/10322Trametes versicolorPleurotus ostreatus y Phanerochaete chrysosporium Luffa cylindrincaespuma de poliuretano y negro reactivo 5Trametes versicolorPleurotus ostreatusPhanerochaete chrysosporium Luffa cylindrincapolyurethane foamreactive black |
| spellingShingle | Jorge Andrés Fernández Lina María Henao Aura Marina Pedroza-Rodríguez Balkys Quevedo-Hidalgo Inmovilización de hongos ligninolíticos para la remoción del colorante negro reactivo 5 Revista Colombiana de Biotecnología Trametes versicolor Pleurotus ostreatus y Phanerochaete chrysosporium Luffa cylindrinca espuma de poliuretano y negro reactivo 5 Trametes versicolor Pleurotus ostreatus Phanerochaete chrysosporium Luffa cylindrinca polyurethane foam reactive black |
| title | Inmovilización de hongos ligninolíticos para la remoción del colorante negro reactivo 5 |
| title_full | Inmovilización de hongos ligninolíticos para la remoción del colorante negro reactivo 5 |
| title_fullStr | Inmovilización de hongos ligninolíticos para la remoción del colorante negro reactivo 5 |
| title_full_unstemmed | Inmovilización de hongos ligninolíticos para la remoción del colorante negro reactivo 5 |
| title_short | Inmovilización de hongos ligninolíticos para la remoción del colorante negro reactivo 5 |
| title_sort | inmovilizacion de hongos ligninoliticos para la remocion del colorante negro reactivo 5 |
| topic | Trametes versicolor Pleurotus ostreatus y Phanerochaete chrysosporium Luffa cylindrinca espuma de poliuretano y negro reactivo 5 Trametes versicolor Pleurotus ostreatus Phanerochaete chrysosporium Luffa cylindrinca polyurethane foam reactive black |
| url | http://www.revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/biotecnologia/article/view/10322 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT jorgeandresfernandez inmovilizaciondehongosligninoliticosparalaremociondelcolorantenegroreactivo5 AT linamariahenao inmovilizaciondehongosligninoliticosparalaremociondelcolorantenegroreactivo5 AT auramarinapedrozarodriguez inmovilizaciondehongosligninoliticosparalaremociondelcolorantenegroreactivo5 AT balkysquevedohidalgo inmovilizaciondehongosligninoliticosparalaremociondelcolorantenegroreactivo5 |