Evolving approaches to profiling the microbiome in skin disease
Despite its harsh and dry environment, human skin is home to diverse microbes, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and microscopic mites. These microbes form communities that may exist at the skin surface, deeper skin layers, and within microhabitats such as the hair follicle and sweat glands, allow...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2023-04-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Immunology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1151527/full |
| _version_ | 1797852938867048448 |
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| author | Yang Chen Yang Chen Yang Chen Rob Knight Rob Knight Rob Knight Rob Knight Richard L. Gallo Richard L. Gallo |
| author_facet | Yang Chen Yang Chen Yang Chen Rob Knight Rob Knight Rob Knight Rob Knight Richard L. Gallo Richard L. Gallo |
| author_sort | Yang Chen |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Despite its harsh and dry environment, human skin is home to diverse microbes, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and microscopic mites. These microbes form communities that may exist at the skin surface, deeper skin layers, and within microhabitats such as the hair follicle and sweat glands, allowing complex interactions with the host immune system. Imbalances in the skin microbiome, known as dysbiosis, have been linked to various inflammatory skin disorders, including atopic dermatitis, acne, and psoriasis. The roles of abundant commensal bacteria belonging to Staphylococcus and Cutibacterium taxa and the fungi Malassezia, where particular species or strains can benefit the host or cause disease, are increasingly appreciated in skin disorders. Furthermore, recent research suggests that the interactions between microorganisms and the host’s immune system on the skin can have distant and systemic effects on the body, such as on the gut and brain, known as the “skin-gut” or “skin-brain” axes. Studies on the microbiome in skin disease have typically relied on 16S rRNA gene sequencing methods, which cannot provide accurate information about species or strains of microorganisms on the skin. However, advancing technologies, including metagenomics and other functional ‘omic’ approaches, have great potential to provide more comprehensive and detailed information about the skin microbiome in health and disease. Additionally, inter-species and multi-kingdom interactions can cause cascading shifts towards dysbiosis and are crucial but yet-to-be-explored aspects of many skin disorders. Better understanding these complex dynamics will require meta-omic studies complemented with experiments and clinical trials to confirm function. Evolving how we profile the skin microbiome alongside technological advances is essential to exploring such relationships. This review presents the current and emerging methods and their findings for profiling skin microbes to advance our understanding of the microbiome in skin disease. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-09T19:42:25Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-b7836870fc82474b9d00fdea5d84d085 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-3224 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-09T19:42:25Z |
| publishDate | 2023-04-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Immunology |
| spelling | doaj.art-b7836870fc82474b9d00fdea5d84d0852023-04-04T05:29:33ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Immunology1664-32242023-04-011410.3389/fimmu.2023.11515271151527Evolving approaches to profiling the microbiome in skin diseaseYang Chen0Yang Chen1Yang Chen2Rob Knight3Rob Knight4Rob Knight5Rob Knight6Richard L. Gallo7Richard L. Gallo8Department of Dermatology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United StatesDepartment of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United StatesBiomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United StatesDepartment of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United StatesDepartment of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United StatesDepartment of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United StatesCenter for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United StatesDepartment of Dermatology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United StatesCenter for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United StatesDespite its harsh and dry environment, human skin is home to diverse microbes, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and microscopic mites. These microbes form communities that may exist at the skin surface, deeper skin layers, and within microhabitats such as the hair follicle and sweat glands, allowing complex interactions with the host immune system. Imbalances in the skin microbiome, known as dysbiosis, have been linked to various inflammatory skin disorders, including atopic dermatitis, acne, and psoriasis. The roles of abundant commensal bacteria belonging to Staphylococcus and Cutibacterium taxa and the fungi Malassezia, where particular species or strains can benefit the host or cause disease, are increasingly appreciated in skin disorders. Furthermore, recent research suggests that the interactions between microorganisms and the host’s immune system on the skin can have distant and systemic effects on the body, such as on the gut and brain, known as the “skin-gut” or “skin-brain” axes. Studies on the microbiome in skin disease have typically relied on 16S rRNA gene sequencing methods, which cannot provide accurate information about species or strains of microorganisms on the skin. However, advancing technologies, including metagenomics and other functional ‘omic’ approaches, have great potential to provide more comprehensive and detailed information about the skin microbiome in health and disease. Additionally, inter-species and multi-kingdom interactions can cause cascading shifts towards dysbiosis and are crucial but yet-to-be-explored aspects of many skin disorders. Better understanding these complex dynamics will require meta-omic studies complemented with experiments and clinical trials to confirm function. Evolving how we profile the skin microbiome alongside technological advances is essential to exploring such relationships. This review presents the current and emerging methods and their findings for profiling skin microbes to advance our understanding of the microbiome in skin disease.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1151527/fullmicrobiome and dysbiosisgenomicsmetagenomicsnext-generation sequencingatopic dermatitis (AD)acne (acne vulgaris) |
| spellingShingle | Yang Chen Yang Chen Yang Chen Rob Knight Rob Knight Rob Knight Rob Knight Richard L. Gallo Richard L. Gallo Evolving approaches to profiling the microbiome in skin disease Frontiers in Immunology microbiome and dysbiosis genomics metagenomics next-generation sequencing atopic dermatitis (AD) acne (acne vulgaris) |
| title | Evolving approaches to profiling the microbiome in skin disease |
| title_full | Evolving approaches to profiling the microbiome in skin disease |
| title_fullStr | Evolving approaches to profiling the microbiome in skin disease |
| title_full_unstemmed | Evolving approaches to profiling the microbiome in skin disease |
| title_short | Evolving approaches to profiling the microbiome in skin disease |
| title_sort | evolving approaches to profiling the microbiome in skin disease |
| topic | microbiome and dysbiosis genomics metagenomics next-generation sequencing atopic dermatitis (AD) acne (acne vulgaris) |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1151527/full |
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