Resistance-Related <span style="font-variant: small-caps">l</span>-Pyroglutamic Acid Affects the Biosynthesis of Trichothecenes and Phenylpropanoids by <i>F. graminearum</i> Sensu Stricto
Fungicide application remains amongst the most widely used methods of fungal control in agroecosystems. However, the extensive use of fungicides poses hazards to human health and the natural environment and does not always ensure the effective decrease of mycotoxins in food and feed. Nowadays, the r...
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MDPI AG
2018-11-01
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| Series: | Toxins |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/10/12/492 |
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| author | Katarzyna Bilska Kinga Stuper-Szablewska Tomasz Kulik Maciej Buśko Dariusz Załuski Juliusz Perkowski |
| author_facet | Katarzyna Bilska Kinga Stuper-Szablewska Tomasz Kulik Maciej Buśko Dariusz Załuski Juliusz Perkowski |
| author_sort | Katarzyna Bilska |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Fungicide application remains amongst the most widely used methods of fungal control in agroecosystems. However, the extensive use of fungicides poses hazards to human health and the natural environment and does not always ensure the effective decrease of mycotoxins in food and feed. Nowadays, the rising threat from mycotoxin contamination of staple foods has stimulated efforts in developing alternative strategies to control plant pathogenic fungi. A substantial effort is focused on the identification of plant-derived compounds inhibiting mycotoxin production by plant pathogenic fungi. <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">l</span>-Pyroglutamic acid has recently been suggested as playing a role in the response of barley to toxigenic Fusaria. Considering the above, we studied the response of various strains of <i>F. graminearum</i> sensu stricto to different levels of <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">l</span>-pyroglutamic acid on solid YES (yeast extract sucrose) media. <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">l</span>-Pyroglutamic acid decreased the accumulation of trichothecenes in all examined strains. Gene expression studies addressing <i>Tri</i> genes (<i>Tri</i>4, <i>Tri</i>5, and <i>Tri</i>10), which induce the biosynthesis of trichothecenes, revealed the production of mycotoxins by <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">l</span>-pyroglutamic acid to be inhibited at the transcriptional level. Besides inhibitory effects on mycotoxin production, <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">l</span>-pyroglutamic acid exhibited variable and concentration-related effects on phenylpropanoid production by fungi. Accumulation of most of the fungal-derived phenolic acids decreased in the presence of 100 and 400 µg/g of <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">l</span>-pyroglutamic acid. However, a higher dose (800 µg/g) of <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">l</span>-pyroglutamic acid increased the accumulation of <i>trans</i>-cinnamic acid in the media. The accumulation of fungal-derived naringenin increased in the presence of <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">l</span>-pyroglutamic acid. Contrasting results were obtained for quercetin, apigenin, luteolin, and kaempferol, the accumulation of which decreased in the samples treated with 100 and 400 µg/g of <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">l</span>-pyroglutamic acid, whereas the highest <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">l</span>-pyroglutamic acid concentration (800 µg/g) seemed to induce their biosynthesis. The results obtained in this study provide new insights for breeders involved in studies on resistance against Fusaria. |
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| spelling | doaj.art-b79f62c54c844af680c18127f4c4d9dc2022-12-22T01:56:22ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512018-11-01101249210.3390/toxins10120492toxins10120492Resistance-Related <span style="font-variant: small-caps">l</span>-Pyroglutamic Acid Affects the Biosynthesis of Trichothecenes and Phenylpropanoids by <i>F. graminearum</i> Sensu StrictoKatarzyna Bilska0Kinga Stuper-Szablewska1Tomasz Kulik2Maciej Buśko3Dariusz Załuski4Juliusz Perkowski5Department of Botany and Nature Protection, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn Plac Łódzki 1, 10-727 Olsztyn, PolandDepartment of Chemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-637 Poznan, PolandDepartment of Botany and Nature Protection, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn Plac Łódzki 1, 10-727 Olsztyn, PolandDepartment of Chemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-637 Poznan, PolandDepartment of Plant Breeding and Seed Production, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Łódzki 3, 10-727 Olsztyn, PolandDepartment of Chemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-637 Poznan, PolandFungicide application remains amongst the most widely used methods of fungal control in agroecosystems. However, the extensive use of fungicides poses hazards to human health and the natural environment and does not always ensure the effective decrease of mycotoxins in food and feed. Nowadays, the rising threat from mycotoxin contamination of staple foods has stimulated efforts in developing alternative strategies to control plant pathogenic fungi. A substantial effort is focused on the identification of plant-derived compounds inhibiting mycotoxin production by plant pathogenic fungi. <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">l</span>-Pyroglutamic acid has recently been suggested as playing a role in the response of barley to toxigenic Fusaria. Considering the above, we studied the response of various strains of <i>F. graminearum</i> sensu stricto to different levels of <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">l</span>-pyroglutamic acid on solid YES (yeast extract sucrose) media. <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">l</span>-Pyroglutamic acid decreased the accumulation of trichothecenes in all examined strains. Gene expression studies addressing <i>Tri</i> genes (<i>Tri</i>4, <i>Tri</i>5, and <i>Tri</i>10), which induce the biosynthesis of trichothecenes, revealed the production of mycotoxins by <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">l</span>-pyroglutamic acid to be inhibited at the transcriptional level. Besides inhibitory effects on mycotoxin production, <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">l</span>-pyroglutamic acid exhibited variable and concentration-related effects on phenylpropanoid production by fungi. Accumulation of most of the fungal-derived phenolic acids decreased in the presence of 100 and 400 µg/g of <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">l</span>-pyroglutamic acid. However, a higher dose (800 µg/g) of <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">l</span>-pyroglutamic acid increased the accumulation of <i>trans</i>-cinnamic acid in the media. The accumulation of fungal-derived naringenin increased in the presence of <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">l</span>-pyroglutamic acid. Contrasting results were obtained for quercetin, apigenin, luteolin, and kaempferol, the accumulation of which decreased in the samples treated with 100 and 400 µg/g of <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">l</span>-pyroglutamic acid, whereas the highest <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">l</span>-pyroglutamic acid concentration (800 µg/g) seemed to induce their biosynthesis. The results obtained in this study provide new insights for breeders involved in studies on resistance against Fusaria.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/10/12/492<i>Fusarium</i><span style="font-variant: small-caps">l</span>-pyroglutamic acidtrichothecenesphenolic acidsflavonoidsgene expression |
| spellingShingle | Katarzyna Bilska Kinga Stuper-Szablewska Tomasz Kulik Maciej Buśko Dariusz Załuski Juliusz Perkowski Resistance-Related <span style="font-variant: small-caps">l</span>-Pyroglutamic Acid Affects the Biosynthesis of Trichothecenes and Phenylpropanoids by <i>F. graminearum</i> Sensu Stricto Toxins <i>Fusarium</i> <span style="font-variant: small-caps">l</span>-pyroglutamic acid trichothecenes phenolic acids flavonoids gene expression |
| title | Resistance-Related <span style="font-variant: small-caps">l</span>-Pyroglutamic Acid Affects the Biosynthesis of Trichothecenes and Phenylpropanoids by <i>F. graminearum</i> Sensu Stricto |
| title_full | Resistance-Related <span style="font-variant: small-caps">l</span>-Pyroglutamic Acid Affects the Biosynthesis of Trichothecenes and Phenylpropanoids by <i>F. graminearum</i> Sensu Stricto |
| title_fullStr | Resistance-Related <span style="font-variant: small-caps">l</span>-Pyroglutamic Acid Affects the Biosynthesis of Trichothecenes and Phenylpropanoids by <i>F. graminearum</i> Sensu Stricto |
| title_full_unstemmed | Resistance-Related <span style="font-variant: small-caps">l</span>-Pyroglutamic Acid Affects the Biosynthesis of Trichothecenes and Phenylpropanoids by <i>F. graminearum</i> Sensu Stricto |
| title_short | Resistance-Related <span style="font-variant: small-caps">l</span>-Pyroglutamic Acid Affects the Biosynthesis of Trichothecenes and Phenylpropanoids by <i>F. graminearum</i> Sensu Stricto |
| title_sort | resistance related span style font variant small caps l span pyroglutamic acid affects the biosynthesis of trichothecenes and phenylpropanoids by i f graminearum i sensu stricto |
| topic | <i>Fusarium</i> <span style="font-variant: small-caps">l</span>-pyroglutamic acid trichothecenes phenolic acids flavonoids gene expression |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/10/12/492 |
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