Spatial-Perceptual Embedding with Robust Just Noticeable Difference Model for Color Image Watermarking
In the robust image watermarking framework, watermarks are usually embedded in the direct current (DC) coefficients in discrete cosine transform (DCT) domain, since the DC coefficients have a larger perceptual capacity than any alternating current (AC) coefficients. However, DC coefficients are also...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2020-09-01
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| Series: | Mathematics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/8/9/1506 |
| _version_ | 1827706901326987264 |
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| author | Kai Zhou Yunming Zhang Jing Li Yantong Zhan Wenbo Wan |
| author_facet | Kai Zhou Yunming Zhang Jing Li Yantong Zhan Wenbo Wan |
| author_sort | Kai Zhou |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In the robust image watermarking framework, watermarks are usually embedded in the direct current (DC) coefficients in discrete cosine transform (DCT) domain, since the DC coefficients have a larger perceptual capacity than any alternating current (AC) coefficients. However, DC coefficients are also excluded from watermark embedding with the consideration of avoiding block artifacts in watermarked images. Studies on human vision suggest that perceptual characteristics can achieve better image fidelity. With this perspective, we propose a novel spatial–perceptual embedding for a color image watermarking algorithm that includes the robust just-noticeable difference (JND) guidance. The logarithmic transform function is used for quantization embedding. Meanwhile, an adaptive quantization step is modeled by incorporating the partial AC coefficients. The novelty and effectiveness of the proposed framework are supported by JND perceptual guidance for spatial pixels. Experiments validate that the proposed watermarking algorithm produces a significantly better performance. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T16:34:11Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-b7b64111551a4500a87c58b4c73d6803 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2227-7390 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T16:34:11Z |
| publishDate | 2020-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Mathematics |
| spelling | doaj.art-b7b64111551a4500a87c58b4c73d68032023-11-20T12:36:22ZengMDPI AGMathematics2227-73902020-09-0189150610.3390/math8091506Spatial-Perceptual Embedding with Robust Just Noticeable Difference Model for Color Image WatermarkingKai Zhou0Yunming Zhang1Jing Li2Yantong Zhan3Wenbo Wan4School of Information and Engineering, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, ChinaSchool of Information and Engineering, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, ChinaSchool of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shandong Management University, Jinan 250014, ChinaSchool of Information and Engineering, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, ChinaSchool of Information and Engineering, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, ChinaIn the robust image watermarking framework, watermarks are usually embedded in the direct current (DC) coefficients in discrete cosine transform (DCT) domain, since the DC coefficients have a larger perceptual capacity than any alternating current (AC) coefficients. However, DC coefficients are also excluded from watermark embedding with the consideration of avoiding block artifacts in watermarked images. Studies on human vision suggest that perceptual characteristics can achieve better image fidelity. With this perspective, we propose a novel spatial–perceptual embedding for a color image watermarking algorithm that includes the robust just-noticeable difference (JND) guidance. The logarithmic transform function is used for quantization embedding. Meanwhile, an adaptive quantization step is modeled by incorporating the partial AC coefficients. The novelty and effectiveness of the proposed framework are supported by JND perceptual guidance for spatial pixels. Experiments validate that the proposed watermarking algorithm produces a significantly better performance.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/8/9/1506perceptual embeddingrobust watermarkinglogarithmic transformjust-noticeable differencecross domain |
| spellingShingle | Kai Zhou Yunming Zhang Jing Li Yantong Zhan Wenbo Wan Spatial-Perceptual Embedding with Robust Just Noticeable Difference Model for Color Image Watermarking Mathematics perceptual embedding robust watermarking logarithmic transform just-noticeable difference cross domain |
| title | Spatial-Perceptual Embedding with Robust Just Noticeable Difference Model for Color Image Watermarking |
| title_full | Spatial-Perceptual Embedding with Robust Just Noticeable Difference Model for Color Image Watermarking |
| title_fullStr | Spatial-Perceptual Embedding with Robust Just Noticeable Difference Model for Color Image Watermarking |
| title_full_unstemmed | Spatial-Perceptual Embedding with Robust Just Noticeable Difference Model for Color Image Watermarking |
| title_short | Spatial-Perceptual Embedding with Robust Just Noticeable Difference Model for Color Image Watermarking |
| title_sort | spatial perceptual embedding with robust just noticeable difference model for color image watermarking |
| topic | perceptual embedding robust watermarking logarithmic transform just-noticeable difference cross domain |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/8/9/1506 |
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