The Effect of Water Availability on the Carbon Content of Grain and Above- and Belowground Residues in Common and Einkorn Wheat
The carbon (C) fixed by crops, which is exported with harvest and retained as postharvest residues in a field, is important for calculating the C balance. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of water availability on the C content in whole wheat plants. In a three-year field trial, the...
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MDPI AG
2024-01-01
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| Series: | Plants |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/13/2/181 |
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| author | Ivana Raimanova Pavel Svoboda Michal Moulik Jana Wollnerova Jan Haberle |
| author_facet | Ivana Raimanova Pavel Svoboda Michal Moulik Jana Wollnerova Jan Haberle |
| author_sort | Ivana Raimanova |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The carbon (C) fixed by crops, which is exported with harvest and retained as postharvest residues in a field, is important for calculating the C balance. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of water availability on the C content in whole wheat plants. In a three-year field trial, the weights of grain, straw, chaff, stubble, and roots of two cultivars of winter wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) and one cultivar of einkorn wheat (<i>Triticum monococcum</i> L.) and their carbon contents were determined in water stress, irrigation, and rain-fed control treatments. The water availability, year, and cultivar had a significant influence on the C content in aboveground plant parts, but the effect of water on grain C was weak. The C content decreased with irrigation and increased with drought, but the differences were small (at most, 3.39% in chaff). On average, the C contents of grain, straw, chaff, and roots reached 45.0, 45.7, 42.6, and 34.9%, respectively. The amount of C exported with grain and left on the field in the form of postharvest residues depended on the weight of the total biomass and the ratio of grain to straw and residue. Whole plant C yield reached 8.99, 7.46, and 9.65 t ha<sup>−1</sup> in rain-fed control, stressed, and irrigated treatments, respectively, and 8.91, 9.45, and 7.47 t ha<sup>−1</sup> in Artix, Butterfly, and Rumona, respectively. Irrigation significantly increased the C content in grain and straw (but not in chaff, stubble, and roots) in comparison with water shortage conditions. On average, a grain yield of 1 t ha<sup>−1</sup> corresponded to an average export of 0.447–0.454 t C ha<sup>−1</sup> in the grain of all cultivars and inputs of 0.721, 0.832, and 2.207 t C ha<sup>−1</sup> of residue to the soil in the form of straw and postharvest residue in the two cultivars of common wheat and one of einkorn. The results of the study provided reliable data for the calculation of the C balance of wheat under conditions of different water availability. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T09:49:03Z |
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| spelling | doaj.art-b7be6792769c4e6fa637955cfde724cc2024-01-29T14:10:45ZengMDPI AGPlants2223-77472024-01-0113218110.3390/plants13020181The Effect of Water Availability on the Carbon Content of Grain and Above- and Belowground Residues in Common and Einkorn WheatIvana Raimanova0Pavel Svoboda1Michal Moulik2Jana Wollnerova3Jan Haberle4Department of Sustainable Arable Land Management and Cropping Systems, Crop Research Institute, 16106 Prague, Czech RepublicDepartment of Sustainable Arable Land Management and Cropping Systems, Crop Research Institute, 16106 Prague, Czech RepublicDepartment of Sustainable Arable Land Management and Cropping Systems, Crop Research Institute, 16106 Prague, Czech RepublicDepartment of Sustainable Arable Land Management and Cropping Systems, Crop Research Institute, 16106 Prague, Czech RepublicDepartment of Sustainable Arable Land Management and Cropping Systems, Crop Research Institute, 16106 Prague, Czech RepublicThe carbon (C) fixed by crops, which is exported with harvest and retained as postharvest residues in a field, is important for calculating the C balance. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of water availability on the C content in whole wheat plants. In a three-year field trial, the weights of grain, straw, chaff, stubble, and roots of two cultivars of winter wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) and one cultivar of einkorn wheat (<i>Triticum monococcum</i> L.) and their carbon contents were determined in water stress, irrigation, and rain-fed control treatments. The water availability, year, and cultivar had a significant influence on the C content in aboveground plant parts, but the effect of water on grain C was weak. The C content decreased with irrigation and increased with drought, but the differences were small (at most, 3.39% in chaff). On average, the C contents of grain, straw, chaff, and roots reached 45.0, 45.7, 42.6, and 34.9%, respectively. The amount of C exported with grain and left on the field in the form of postharvest residues depended on the weight of the total biomass and the ratio of grain to straw and residue. Whole plant C yield reached 8.99, 7.46, and 9.65 t ha<sup>−1</sup> in rain-fed control, stressed, and irrigated treatments, respectively, and 8.91, 9.45, and 7.47 t ha<sup>−1</sup> in Artix, Butterfly, and Rumona, respectively. Irrigation significantly increased the C content in grain and straw (but not in chaff, stubble, and roots) in comparison with water shortage conditions. On average, a grain yield of 1 t ha<sup>−1</sup> corresponded to an average export of 0.447–0.454 t C ha<sup>−1</sup> in the grain of all cultivars and inputs of 0.721, 0.832, and 2.207 t C ha<sup>−1</sup> of residue to the soil in the form of straw and postharvest residue in the two cultivars of common wheat and one of einkorn. The results of the study provided reliable data for the calculation of the C balance of wheat under conditions of different water availability.https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/13/2/181chaffstubblerootscarbon balancewater availabilityharvest index |
| spellingShingle | Ivana Raimanova Pavel Svoboda Michal Moulik Jana Wollnerova Jan Haberle The Effect of Water Availability on the Carbon Content of Grain and Above- and Belowground Residues in Common and Einkorn Wheat Plants chaff stubble roots carbon balance water availability harvest index |
| title | The Effect of Water Availability on the Carbon Content of Grain and Above- and Belowground Residues in Common and Einkorn Wheat |
| title_full | The Effect of Water Availability on the Carbon Content of Grain and Above- and Belowground Residues in Common and Einkorn Wheat |
| title_fullStr | The Effect of Water Availability on the Carbon Content of Grain and Above- and Belowground Residues in Common and Einkorn Wheat |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Effect of Water Availability on the Carbon Content of Grain and Above- and Belowground Residues in Common and Einkorn Wheat |
| title_short | The Effect of Water Availability on the Carbon Content of Grain and Above- and Belowground Residues in Common and Einkorn Wheat |
| title_sort | effect of water availability on the carbon content of grain and above and belowground residues in common and einkorn wheat |
| topic | chaff stubble roots carbon balance water availability harvest index |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/13/2/181 |
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