The Influence of Humic Acids and Nitrophenols on Metabolic Compounds and Pesticide Behavior in Wheat under Biotic Stress
Organic biostimulators support wheat growth in unfavorable conditions; however, to date, multifactorial assessments of their role in the plant–pesticide–pathogen system have been poorly investigated. The goal of this study was to evaluate the changes in the metabolite profile (protein, carbohydrate,...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-05-01
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| Series: | Agronomy |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/13/5/1378 |
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| author | Piotr Iwaniuk Stanisław Łuniewski Piotr Kaczyński Bożena Łozowicka |
| author_facet | Piotr Iwaniuk Stanisław Łuniewski Piotr Kaczyński Bożena Łozowicka |
| author_sort | Piotr Iwaniuk |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Organic biostimulators support wheat growth in unfavorable conditions; however, to date, multifactorial assessments of their role in the plant–pesticide–pathogen system have been poorly investigated. The goal of this study was to evaluate the changes in the metabolite profile (protein, carbohydrate, phenolic compounds, acid phosphatases, and amino acids) and the antioxidant potential (antioxidant enzymes) of wheat that is infested with <i>F. culmorum</i> and exposed to humic acids, nitrophenols, and six pesticides. Additionally, the concentration of the mycotoxins in the wheat grain and the dissipation time of the six pesticides in the wheat plants were determined. In this multifactorial experiment, we explored differentiated activities of humic acids and nitrophenols in wheat metabolism during fungal pathogenesis and pesticide protection. Nitrophenols decreased oxidative stress through induced catalase activity. In contrast, humic acids contributed to the highest enhancement of the total level of carbohydrates (27%) in the inoculated wheat. Both biostimulators reduced the mycotoxin concentration (DON, 3-AcDON, 15-AcDON, NIV) by 32% and nitrophenols increased the concentration of amino acids (13%). Unexpectedly, humic acids and nitrophenols shortened the degradation time (DT<sub>50</sub>) of spiroxamine by up to 60% in inoculated wheat. The overall results of this study provide novel information on the changes in wheat metabolites, antioxidant defense, and pesticide dissipation in the pesticide–biostimulator–pathogen system. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T04:01:55Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-b7c105a276544dec89d6d259d73cb0e8 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4395 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T04:01:55Z |
| publishDate | 2023-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Agronomy |
| spelling | doaj.art-b7c105a276544dec89d6d259d73cb0e82023-11-18T00:07:23ZengMDPI AGAgronomy2073-43952023-05-01135137810.3390/agronomy13051378The Influence of Humic Acids and Nitrophenols on Metabolic Compounds and Pesticide Behavior in Wheat under Biotic StressPiotr Iwaniuk0Stanisław Łuniewski1Piotr Kaczyński2Bożena Łozowicka3Institute of Plant Protection-National Research Institute, Chełmońskiego 22 Street, 15-195 Białystok, PolandUniversity of Finance and Management, Ciepła 40 Street, 15-472 Białystok, PolandInstitute of Plant Protection-National Research Institute, Chełmońskiego 22 Street, 15-195 Białystok, PolandInstitute of Plant Protection-National Research Institute, Chełmońskiego 22 Street, 15-195 Białystok, PolandOrganic biostimulators support wheat growth in unfavorable conditions; however, to date, multifactorial assessments of their role in the plant–pesticide–pathogen system have been poorly investigated. The goal of this study was to evaluate the changes in the metabolite profile (protein, carbohydrate, phenolic compounds, acid phosphatases, and amino acids) and the antioxidant potential (antioxidant enzymes) of wheat that is infested with <i>F. culmorum</i> and exposed to humic acids, nitrophenols, and six pesticides. Additionally, the concentration of the mycotoxins in the wheat grain and the dissipation time of the six pesticides in the wheat plants were determined. In this multifactorial experiment, we explored differentiated activities of humic acids and nitrophenols in wheat metabolism during fungal pathogenesis and pesticide protection. Nitrophenols decreased oxidative stress through induced catalase activity. In contrast, humic acids contributed to the highest enhancement of the total level of carbohydrates (27%) in the inoculated wheat. Both biostimulators reduced the mycotoxin concentration (DON, 3-AcDON, 15-AcDON, NIV) by 32% and nitrophenols increased the concentration of amino acids (13%). Unexpectedly, humic acids and nitrophenols shortened the degradation time (DT<sub>50</sub>) of spiroxamine by up to 60% in inoculated wheat. The overall results of this study provide novel information on the changes in wheat metabolites, antioxidant defense, and pesticide dissipation in the pesticide–biostimulator–pathogen system.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/13/5/1378biostimulantschemometric analysismetabolismpesticidesphysiological stresswheat |
| spellingShingle | Piotr Iwaniuk Stanisław Łuniewski Piotr Kaczyński Bożena Łozowicka The Influence of Humic Acids and Nitrophenols on Metabolic Compounds and Pesticide Behavior in Wheat under Biotic Stress Agronomy biostimulants chemometric analysis metabolism pesticides physiological stress wheat |
| title | The Influence of Humic Acids and Nitrophenols on Metabolic Compounds and Pesticide Behavior in Wheat under Biotic Stress |
| title_full | The Influence of Humic Acids and Nitrophenols on Metabolic Compounds and Pesticide Behavior in Wheat under Biotic Stress |
| title_fullStr | The Influence of Humic Acids and Nitrophenols on Metabolic Compounds and Pesticide Behavior in Wheat under Biotic Stress |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Influence of Humic Acids and Nitrophenols on Metabolic Compounds and Pesticide Behavior in Wheat under Biotic Stress |
| title_short | The Influence of Humic Acids and Nitrophenols on Metabolic Compounds and Pesticide Behavior in Wheat under Biotic Stress |
| title_sort | influence of humic acids and nitrophenols on metabolic compounds and pesticide behavior in wheat under biotic stress |
| topic | biostimulants chemometric analysis metabolism pesticides physiological stress wheat |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/13/5/1378 |
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