Influence of Bariatric Surgery on Gut Microbiota Composition and Its Implication on Brain and Peripheral Targets
Obesity remains a significant global health challenge, with bariatric surgery remaining as one of the most effective treatments for severe obesity and its related comorbidities. This review highlights the multifaceted impact of bariatric surgery beyond mere physical restriction or nutrient malabsorp...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2024-04-01
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| Series: | Nutrients |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/16/7/1071 |
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| author | Sevag Hamamah Andras Hajnal Mihai Covasa |
| author_facet | Sevag Hamamah Andras Hajnal Mihai Covasa |
| author_sort | Sevag Hamamah |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Obesity remains a significant global health challenge, with bariatric surgery remaining as one of the most effective treatments for severe obesity and its related comorbidities. This review highlights the multifaceted impact of bariatric surgery beyond mere physical restriction or nutrient malabsorption, underscoring the importance of the gut microbiome and neurohormonal signals in mediating the profound effects on weight loss and behavior modification. The various bariatric surgery procedures, such as Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG), act through distinct mechanisms to alter the gut microbiome, subsequently impacting metabolic health, energy balance, and food reward behaviors. Emerging evidence has shown that bariatric surgery induces profound changes in the composition of the gut microbiome, notably altering the <i>Firmicutes</i>/<i>Bacteroidetes</i> ratio and enhancing populations of beneficial bacteria such as <i>Akkermansia</i>. These microbiota shifts have far-reaching effects beyond gut health, influencing dopamine-mediated reward pathways in the brain and modulating the secretion and action of key gut hormones including ghrelin, leptin, GLP-1, PYY, and CCK. The resultant changes in dopamine signaling and hormone levels contribute to reduced hedonic eating, enhanced satiety, and improved metabolic outcomes. Further, post-bariatric surgical effects on satiation targets are in part mediated by metabolic byproducts of gut microbiota like short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and bile acids, which play a pivotal role in modulating metabolism and energy expenditure and reducing obesity-associated inflammation, as well as influencing food reward pathways, potentially contributing to the regulation of body weight and reduction in hedonic eating behaviors. Overall, a better understanding of these mechanisms opens the door to developing non-surgical interventions that replicate the beneficial effects of bariatric surgery on the gut microbiome, dopamine signaling, and gut hormone regulation, offering new avenues for obesity treatment. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-24T10:38:18Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-b7c5ed58167a4a3d9ec7399acabd05a7 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6643 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-24T10:38:18Z |
| publishDate | 2024-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Nutrients |
| spelling | doaj.art-b7c5ed58167a4a3d9ec7399acabd05a72024-04-12T13:24:31ZengMDPI AGNutrients2072-66432024-04-01167107110.3390/nu16071071Influence of Bariatric Surgery on Gut Microbiota Composition and Its Implication on Brain and Peripheral TargetsSevag Hamamah0Andras Hajnal1Mihai Covasa2Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 9176, USADepartment of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USADepartment of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 9176, USAObesity remains a significant global health challenge, with bariatric surgery remaining as one of the most effective treatments for severe obesity and its related comorbidities. This review highlights the multifaceted impact of bariatric surgery beyond mere physical restriction or nutrient malabsorption, underscoring the importance of the gut microbiome and neurohormonal signals in mediating the profound effects on weight loss and behavior modification. The various bariatric surgery procedures, such as Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG), act through distinct mechanisms to alter the gut microbiome, subsequently impacting metabolic health, energy balance, and food reward behaviors. Emerging evidence has shown that bariatric surgery induces profound changes in the composition of the gut microbiome, notably altering the <i>Firmicutes</i>/<i>Bacteroidetes</i> ratio and enhancing populations of beneficial bacteria such as <i>Akkermansia</i>. These microbiota shifts have far-reaching effects beyond gut health, influencing dopamine-mediated reward pathways in the brain and modulating the secretion and action of key gut hormones including ghrelin, leptin, GLP-1, PYY, and CCK. The resultant changes in dopamine signaling and hormone levels contribute to reduced hedonic eating, enhanced satiety, and improved metabolic outcomes. Further, post-bariatric surgical effects on satiation targets are in part mediated by metabolic byproducts of gut microbiota like short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and bile acids, which play a pivotal role in modulating metabolism and energy expenditure and reducing obesity-associated inflammation, as well as influencing food reward pathways, potentially contributing to the regulation of body weight and reduction in hedonic eating behaviors. Overall, a better understanding of these mechanisms opens the door to developing non-surgical interventions that replicate the beneficial effects of bariatric surgery on the gut microbiome, dopamine signaling, and gut hormone regulation, offering new avenues for obesity treatment.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/16/7/1071Roux-en-Y gastric bypasssleeve gastrectomygut microbiomesatietydopamine |
| spellingShingle | Sevag Hamamah Andras Hajnal Mihai Covasa Influence of Bariatric Surgery on Gut Microbiota Composition and Its Implication on Brain and Peripheral Targets Nutrients Roux-en-Y gastric bypass sleeve gastrectomy gut microbiome satiety dopamine |
| title | Influence of Bariatric Surgery on Gut Microbiota Composition and Its Implication on Brain and Peripheral Targets |
| title_full | Influence of Bariatric Surgery on Gut Microbiota Composition and Its Implication on Brain and Peripheral Targets |
| title_fullStr | Influence of Bariatric Surgery on Gut Microbiota Composition and Its Implication on Brain and Peripheral Targets |
| title_full_unstemmed | Influence of Bariatric Surgery on Gut Microbiota Composition and Its Implication on Brain and Peripheral Targets |
| title_short | Influence of Bariatric Surgery on Gut Microbiota Composition and Its Implication on Brain and Peripheral Targets |
| title_sort | influence of bariatric surgery on gut microbiota composition and its implication on brain and peripheral targets |
| topic | Roux-en-Y gastric bypass sleeve gastrectomy gut microbiome satiety dopamine |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/16/7/1071 |
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