Detectable depth of unexposed parathyroid glands using near-infrared autofluorescence imaging in thyroid surgery
BackgroundNear-infrared light can penetrate the fat or connective tissues overlying the parathyroid gland (PG), enabling early localization of the PG by near-infrared autofluorescence (NIRAF) imaging. However, the depth at which the PG can be detected has not been reported. In this study, we investi...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2023-04-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Endocrinology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fendo.2023.1170751/full |
| _version_ | 1797849195863867392 |
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| author | Young Seok Han Yikeun Kim Hyoung Shin Lee Yeongjoon Kim Yeh-Chan Ahn Kang Dae Lee |
| author_facet | Young Seok Han Yikeun Kim Hyoung Shin Lee Yeongjoon Kim Yeh-Chan Ahn Kang Dae Lee |
| author_sort | Young Seok Han |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | BackgroundNear-infrared light can penetrate the fat or connective tissues overlying the parathyroid gland (PG), enabling early localization of the PG by near-infrared autofluorescence (NIRAF) imaging. However, the depth at which the PG can be detected has not been reported. In this study, we investigated the detectable depth of unexposed PGs using NIRAF during thyroidectomy.Materials and methodsFifty-one unexposed PGs from 30 consecutive thyroidectomy patients, mapped by an experienced surgeon (K.D. Lee) with the use of NIRAF imaging, were included. For NIRAF detection of PGs, a lab-built camera imaging system was used. Detectable depths of the unexposed PGs were measured using a Vernier caliper. The NIRAF images were classified as faint or bright depending on whether a novice could successfully interpret the image as showing the PG. Data on variables that may affect detectable depth and NIRAF intensity were collected.ResultsDetectable depth ranged between 0.35 and 3.05 mm, with a mean of 1.23 ± 0.73 mm. The average NIRAF intensity of unexposed PGs was 3.13 au. After dissection of the overlying tissue, the intensity of the exposed PG increased to 4.88 au (p < 0.001). No difference in NIRAF intensity between fat-covered (3.27 ± 0.90 au) and connective tissue-covered PGs (3.00 ± 1.23 au) was observed (p = 0.369). PGs covered by fat tissue (depth: 1.77 ± 0.67 mm) were found at deeper locations than those covered by connective tissue (depth: 0.70 ± 0.21 mm) (p < 0.001). The brightness of images of the faint group (2.14 ± 0.48 au) was on average 1.24 au lower than that of the bright group (3.38 ± 1.04 au) (p = 0.001). A novice successfully localized 80.4% of the unexposed PGs. Other variables did not significantly affect detectable depth.ConclusionUnexposed PGs could be mapped using NIRAF imaging at a maximum depth of 3.05 mm and an average depth of 1.23 mm. A novice was able to localize the PGs before they were visible to the naked eye at a high rate. These results can be used as reference data for localization of unexposed PGs in thyroid surgery. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-09T18:41:01Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-b7f22e76d47745e88e860a9b8f08beba |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-2392 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-09T18:41:01Z |
| publishDate | 2023-04-01 |
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| series | Frontiers in Endocrinology |
| spelling | doaj.art-b7f22e76d47745e88e860a9b8f08beba2023-04-11T05:40:03ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Endocrinology1664-23922023-04-011410.3389/fendo.2023.11707511170751Detectable depth of unexposed parathyroid glands using near-infrared autofluorescence imaging in thyroid surgeryYoung Seok Han0Yikeun Kim1Hyoung Shin Lee2Yeongjoon Kim3Yeh-Chan Ahn4Kang Dae Lee5Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Biomedical Engineering and Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of KoreaBackgroundNear-infrared light can penetrate the fat or connective tissues overlying the parathyroid gland (PG), enabling early localization of the PG by near-infrared autofluorescence (NIRAF) imaging. However, the depth at which the PG can be detected has not been reported. In this study, we investigated the detectable depth of unexposed PGs using NIRAF during thyroidectomy.Materials and methodsFifty-one unexposed PGs from 30 consecutive thyroidectomy patients, mapped by an experienced surgeon (K.D. Lee) with the use of NIRAF imaging, were included. For NIRAF detection of PGs, a lab-built camera imaging system was used. Detectable depths of the unexposed PGs were measured using a Vernier caliper. The NIRAF images were classified as faint or bright depending on whether a novice could successfully interpret the image as showing the PG. Data on variables that may affect detectable depth and NIRAF intensity were collected.ResultsDetectable depth ranged between 0.35 and 3.05 mm, with a mean of 1.23 ± 0.73 mm. The average NIRAF intensity of unexposed PGs was 3.13 au. After dissection of the overlying tissue, the intensity of the exposed PG increased to 4.88 au (p < 0.001). No difference in NIRAF intensity between fat-covered (3.27 ± 0.90 au) and connective tissue-covered PGs (3.00 ± 1.23 au) was observed (p = 0.369). PGs covered by fat tissue (depth: 1.77 ± 0.67 mm) were found at deeper locations than those covered by connective tissue (depth: 0.70 ± 0.21 mm) (p < 0.001). The brightness of images of the faint group (2.14 ± 0.48 au) was on average 1.24 au lower than that of the bright group (3.38 ± 1.04 au) (p = 0.001). A novice successfully localized 80.4% of the unexposed PGs. Other variables did not significantly affect detectable depth.ConclusionUnexposed PGs could be mapped using NIRAF imaging at a maximum depth of 3.05 mm and an average depth of 1.23 mm. A novice was able to localize the PGs before they were visible to the naked eye at a high rate. These results can be used as reference data for localization of unexposed PGs in thyroid surgery.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fendo.2023.1170751/fullnear-infrared autofluorescenceparathyroid glandmappingdepththyroidectomy |
| spellingShingle | Young Seok Han Yikeun Kim Hyoung Shin Lee Yeongjoon Kim Yeh-Chan Ahn Kang Dae Lee Detectable depth of unexposed parathyroid glands using near-infrared autofluorescence imaging in thyroid surgery Frontiers in Endocrinology near-infrared autofluorescence parathyroid gland mapping depth thyroidectomy |
| title | Detectable depth of unexposed parathyroid glands using near-infrared autofluorescence imaging in thyroid surgery |
| title_full | Detectable depth of unexposed parathyroid glands using near-infrared autofluorescence imaging in thyroid surgery |
| title_fullStr | Detectable depth of unexposed parathyroid glands using near-infrared autofluorescence imaging in thyroid surgery |
| title_full_unstemmed | Detectable depth of unexposed parathyroid glands using near-infrared autofluorescence imaging in thyroid surgery |
| title_short | Detectable depth of unexposed parathyroid glands using near-infrared autofluorescence imaging in thyroid surgery |
| title_sort | detectable depth of unexposed parathyroid glands using near infrared autofluorescence imaging in thyroid surgery |
| topic | near-infrared autofluorescence parathyroid gland mapping depth thyroidectomy |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fendo.2023.1170751/full |
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