Microwave-assisted preparation of almond shell-based activated carbon for methylene blue adsorption
This study reports the synthesis of a novel adsorbent, hereinafter named almond shell-based activated carbon (ASAC), from waste almond shells (AS) via exposure to microwave radiation and the use of ZnCl2 as a chemical activator. Synthetic conditions were further elaborated using the response surface...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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De Gruyter
2016-08-01
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| Series: | Green Processing and Synthesis |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1515/gps-2016-0032 |
| _version_ | 1818693443796336640 |
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| author | Du Chunfeng Yang Hongbing Wu Zhansheng Ge Xinyu Cravotto Giancarlo Ye Bang-Ce Kaleem Imdad |
| author_facet | Du Chunfeng Yang Hongbing Wu Zhansheng Ge Xinyu Cravotto Giancarlo Ye Bang-Ce Kaleem Imdad |
| author_sort | Du Chunfeng |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This study reports the synthesis of a novel adsorbent, hereinafter named almond shell-based activated carbon (ASAC), from waste almond shells (AS) via exposure to microwave radiation and the use of ZnCl2 as a chemical activator. Synthetic conditions were further elaborated using the response surface methodology to optimize the adsorption capacity of ASAC for methylene blue (MB) dye. The optimized ASAC preparation conditions were found to be as follows: a mass (ZnCl2/AS) ratio of 3:1 (w/w) and microwave heating time period of 15 min at 900 W. A maximum ASAC yield of 39.67% and a MB adsorption capacity of 314.20 mg/g were obtained. ASAC was also characterized by N2 adsorption-desorption measurement, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and point of zero charge measurement. Optimized ASAC had a Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area of 839.60 m2/g and a total volume of 0.406 cm3/g. FTIR and XPS analysis exhibited a decline in oxygen-containing groups of ASAC as compared with AS. The adsorption behavior of ASAC for MB was fitted well to the pseudo-second-order model and the Langmuir isotherm model. These findings support the ease of preparation and cost effectiveness that make ASAC promising for use in environmental remediation. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-17T13:13:46Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-b7f86a89249349efb8260a1aa0c67990 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2191-9542 2191-9550 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-17T13:13:46Z |
| publishDate | 2016-08-01 |
| publisher | De Gruyter |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Green Processing and Synthesis |
| spelling | doaj.art-b7f86a89249349efb8260a1aa0c679902022-12-21T21:47:03ZengDe GruyterGreen Processing and Synthesis2191-95422191-95502016-08-015439540610.1515/gps-2016-0032Microwave-assisted preparation of almond shell-based activated carbon for methylene blue adsorptionDu Chunfeng0Yang Hongbing1Wu Zhansheng2Ge Xinyu3Cravotto Giancarlo4Ye Bang-Ce5Kaleem Imdad6School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, P.R. ChinaSchool of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, P.R. ChinaSchool of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, P.R. ChinaSchool of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, P.R. ChinaDipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, Turin 10125, ItalySchool of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, P.R. ChinaCOMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), Islamabad, 45550, PakistanThis study reports the synthesis of a novel adsorbent, hereinafter named almond shell-based activated carbon (ASAC), from waste almond shells (AS) via exposure to microwave radiation and the use of ZnCl2 as a chemical activator. Synthetic conditions were further elaborated using the response surface methodology to optimize the adsorption capacity of ASAC for methylene blue (MB) dye. The optimized ASAC preparation conditions were found to be as follows: a mass (ZnCl2/AS) ratio of 3:1 (w/w) and microwave heating time period of 15 min at 900 W. A maximum ASAC yield of 39.67% and a MB adsorption capacity of 314.20 mg/g were obtained. ASAC was also characterized by N2 adsorption-desorption measurement, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and point of zero charge measurement. Optimized ASAC had a Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area of 839.60 m2/g and a total volume of 0.406 cm3/g. FTIR and XPS analysis exhibited a decline in oxygen-containing groups of ASAC as compared with AS. The adsorption behavior of ASAC for MB was fitted well to the pseudo-second-order model and the Langmuir isotherm model. These findings support the ease of preparation and cost effectiveness that make ASAC promising for use in environmental remediation.https://doi.org/10.1515/gps-2016-0032activated carbonalmond shellmethylene bluemicrowaveresponse surface methodology |
| spellingShingle | Du Chunfeng Yang Hongbing Wu Zhansheng Ge Xinyu Cravotto Giancarlo Ye Bang-Ce Kaleem Imdad Microwave-assisted preparation of almond shell-based activated carbon for methylene blue adsorption Green Processing and Synthesis activated carbon almond shell methylene blue microwave response surface methodology |
| title | Microwave-assisted preparation of almond shell-based activated carbon for methylene blue adsorption |
| title_full | Microwave-assisted preparation of almond shell-based activated carbon for methylene blue adsorption |
| title_fullStr | Microwave-assisted preparation of almond shell-based activated carbon for methylene blue adsorption |
| title_full_unstemmed | Microwave-assisted preparation of almond shell-based activated carbon for methylene blue adsorption |
| title_short | Microwave-assisted preparation of almond shell-based activated carbon for methylene blue adsorption |
| title_sort | microwave assisted preparation of almond shell based activated carbon for methylene blue adsorption |
| topic | activated carbon almond shell methylene blue microwave response surface methodology |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1515/gps-2016-0032 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT duchunfeng microwaveassistedpreparationofalmondshellbasedactivatedcarbonformethyleneblueadsorption AT yanghongbing microwaveassistedpreparationofalmondshellbasedactivatedcarbonformethyleneblueadsorption AT wuzhansheng microwaveassistedpreparationofalmondshellbasedactivatedcarbonformethyleneblueadsorption AT gexinyu microwaveassistedpreparationofalmondshellbasedactivatedcarbonformethyleneblueadsorption AT cravottogiancarlo microwaveassistedpreparationofalmondshellbasedactivatedcarbonformethyleneblueadsorption AT yebangce microwaveassistedpreparationofalmondshellbasedactivatedcarbonformethyleneblueadsorption AT kaleemimdad microwaveassistedpreparationofalmondshellbasedactivatedcarbonformethyleneblueadsorption |