Remediation of Saline Wastewater Producing a Fuel Gas Containing Alkanes and Hydrogen Using Zero Valent Iron (Fe<sup>0</sup>)
Zero valent iron (Fe<sup>0</sup>) water remediation studies, over the last 40 years, have periodically reported the discovery of C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>2n+2</sub> in the product water or product gas, where n = 1 to 20. Various theories have been proposed for the prese...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-06-01
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| Series: | Water |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/14/12/1926 |
| _version_ | 1797481285106532352 |
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| author | David Dorab Jamshed Antia |
| author_facet | David Dorab Jamshed Antia |
| author_sort | David Dorab Jamshed Antia |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Zero valent iron (Fe<sup>0</sup>) water remediation studies, over the last 40 years, have periodically reported the discovery of C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>2n+2</sub> in the product water or product gas, where n = 1 to 20. Various theories have been proposed for the presence of these hydrocarbons. These include: (i) reductive transformation of a more complex organic chemical; (ii) hydrogenation of an organic chemical, as part of a degradation process; (iii) catalytic hydrogenation and polymerisation of carbonic acid; and (iv) redox transformation. This study uses wastewater (pyroligneous acid, (pH = 0.5 to 4.5)) from a carbonization reactor processing municipal waste to define the controls for the formation of C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>2n+2</sub> (where n = 3 to 9), C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>4</sub>, and C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>6</sub>. A sealed, static diffusion, batch flow reactor, containing zero-valent metals [181 g m-Fe<sup>0</sup> + 29 g m-Al<sup>0</sup> + 27 g m-Cu<sup>0</sup> + 40 g NaCl] L<sup>−1</sup>, was operated at two temperatures, 273–298 K and 348 K, respectively. The reactions, reactant quotients, and rate constants for the catalytic formation of H<sub>2(g)</sub>, CO<sub>2(g)</sub>, C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>4(g)</sub>, C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>6(g)</sub>, C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8(g)</sub>, C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>10(g)</sub>, C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>12(g)</sub>, C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>14(g,l)</sub>, and C<sub>7</sub>H<sub>16(g,l)</sub>, are defined as function of zero valent metal concentration (g L<sup>−1</sup>), reactor pressure (MPa), and reactor temperature (K). The produced fuel gas (422–1050 kJ mole<sup>−1</sup>) contained hydrogen + C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>y(gas)</sub>, where n = 3 to 7. The gas production rate was: [1058 moles C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>y</sub> + 132 moles H<sub>2</sub>] m<sup>−3</sup> liquid d<sup>−1</sup> (operating pressure = 0.1 MPa; temperature = 348 K). Increasing the operating pressure to 1 MPa increased the fuel gas production rate to [2208 moles C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>y</sub> + 1071 moles H<sub>2</sub>] m<sup>−3</sup> liquid d<sup>−1</sup>. In order to achieve these results, the Fe<sup>0</sup>, operated as a “Smart Material”, simultaneously multi-tasking to create self-assembly, auto-activated catalysts for hydrogen production, hydrocarbon formation, and organic chemical degradation (degrading carboxylic acids and phenolic species to CO<sub>2</sub> and CO). |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:12:39Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-b81f3d957a7946fab7b24bd277e423c2 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4441 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:12:39Z |
| publishDate | 2022-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Water |
| spelling | doaj.art-b81f3d957a7946fab7b24bd277e423c22023-11-23T19:29:50ZengMDPI AGWater2073-44412022-06-011412192610.3390/w14121926Remediation of Saline Wastewater Producing a Fuel Gas Containing Alkanes and Hydrogen Using Zero Valent Iron (Fe<sup>0</sup>)David Dorab Jamshed Antia0DCA Consultants Ltd. The Bungalow, Castleton Farm, Falkirk FK2 8SD, UKZero valent iron (Fe<sup>0</sup>) water remediation studies, over the last 40 years, have periodically reported the discovery of C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>2n+2</sub> in the product water or product gas, where n = 1 to 20. Various theories have been proposed for the presence of these hydrocarbons. These include: (i) reductive transformation of a more complex organic chemical; (ii) hydrogenation of an organic chemical, as part of a degradation process; (iii) catalytic hydrogenation and polymerisation of carbonic acid; and (iv) redox transformation. This study uses wastewater (pyroligneous acid, (pH = 0.5 to 4.5)) from a carbonization reactor processing municipal waste to define the controls for the formation of C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>2n+2</sub> (where n = 3 to 9), C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>4</sub>, and C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>6</sub>. A sealed, static diffusion, batch flow reactor, containing zero-valent metals [181 g m-Fe<sup>0</sup> + 29 g m-Al<sup>0</sup> + 27 g m-Cu<sup>0</sup> + 40 g NaCl] L<sup>−1</sup>, was operated at two temperatures, 273–298 K and 348 K, respectively. The reactions, reactant quotients, and rate constants for the catalytic formation of H<sub>2(g)</sub>, CO<sub>2(g)</sub>, C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>4(g)</sub>, C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>6(g)</sub>, C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8(g)</sub>, C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>10(g)</sub>, C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>12(g)</sub>, C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>14(g,l)</sub>, and C<sub>7</sub>H<sub>16(g,l)</sub>, are defined as function of zero valent metal concentration (g L<sup>−1</sup>), reactor pressure (MPa), and reactor temperature (K). The produced fuel gas (422–1050 kJ mole<sup>−1</sup>) contained hydrogen + C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>y(gas)</sub>, where n = 3 to 7. The gas production rate was: [1058 moles C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>y</sub> + 132 moles H<sub>2</sub>] m<sup>−3</sup> liquid d<sup>−1</sup> (operating pressure = 0.1 MPa; temperature = 348 K). Increasing the operating pressure to 1 MPa increased the fuel gas production rate to [2208 moles C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>y</sub> + 1071 moles H<sub>2</sub>] m<sup>−3</sup> liquid d<sup>−1</sup>. In order to achieve these results, the Fe<sup>0</sup>, operated as a “Smart Material”, simultaneously multi-tasking to create self-assembly, auto-activated catalysts for hydrogen production, hydrocarbon formation, and organic chemical degradation (degrading carboxylic acids and phenolic species to CO<sub>2</sub> and CO).https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/14/12/1926aqueous Fischer–Tropschcarbonizationcatalysisfuel gasgreen chemistryhydrocarbon formation |
| spellingShingle | David Dorab Jamshed Antia Remediation of Saline Wastewater Producing a Fuel Gas Containing Alkanes and Hydrogen Using Zero Valent Iron (Fe<sup>0</sup>) Water aqueous Fischer–Tropsch carbonization catalysis fuel gas green chemistry hydrocarbon formation |
| title | Remediation of Saline Wastewater Producing a Fuel Gas Containing Alkanes and Hydrogen Using Zero Valent Iron (Fe<sup>0</sup>) |
| title_full | Remediation of Saline Wastewater Producing a Fuel Gas Containing Alkanes and Hydrogen Using Zero Valent Iron (Fe<sup>0</sup>) |
| title_fullStr | Remediation of Saline Wastewater Producing a Fuel Gas Containing Alkanes and Hydrogen Using Zero Valent Iron (Fe<sup>0</sup>) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Remediation of Saline Wastewater Producing a Fuel Gas Containing Alkanes and Hydrogen Using Zero Valent Iron (Fe<sup>0</sup>) |
| title_short | Remediation of Saline Wastewater Producing a Fuel Gas Containing Alkanes and Hydrogen Using Zero Valent Iron (Fe<sup>0</sup>) |
| title_sort | remediation of saline wastewater producing a fuel gas containing alkanes and hydrogen using zero valent iron fe sup 0 sup |
| topic | aqueous Fischer–Tropsch carbonization catalysis fuel gas green chemistry hydrocarbon formation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/14/12/1926 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT daviddorabjamshedantia remediationofsalinewastewaterproducingafuelgascontainingalkanesandhydrogenusingzerovalentironfesup0sup |