Aflatoxin B1 Occurrence in Children under the Age of Five’s Food Products and Aflatoxin M1 Exposure Assessment and Risk Characterization of Arab Infants through Consumption of Infant Powdered Formula: A Lebanese Experience
Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a salient metabolite that can be used to assess Aflatoxin B<sub>1</sub> (AFB1) exposure in humans and animals. The carcinogenic potency of AFB1 and AFM1 was severely reported. The aims of this study were (1) to survey the contamination level of AFM1 in the most tra...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-04-01
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| Series: | Toxins |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/14/5/290 |
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| author | Rouaa Daou Maha Hoteit Khlood Bookari Majid Al-Khalaf Sahar Nahle Ayoub Al-Jawaldeh Mohamad Koubar Samah Doumiati André EL Khoury |
| author_facet | Rouaa Daou Maha Hoteit Khlood Bookari Majid Al-Khalaf Sahar Nahle Ayoub Al-Jawaldeh Mohamad Koubar Samah Doumiati André EL Khoury |
| author_sort | Rouaa Daou |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a salient metabolite that can be used to assess Aflatoxin B<sub>1</sub> (AFB1) exposure in humans and animals. The carcinogenic potency of AFB1 and AFM1 was severely reported. The aims of this study were (1) to survey the contamination level of AFM1 in the most traded infant powdered formula brands (IPF) (<i>n</i> = 42) along with the AFB1 level in under 5’s children food brands (biscuits, cornflakes, and cereals) (<i>n</i> = 42) and (2) to assess the estimated daily intake (EDI), the hazard quotient (HQ) and the margin of exposure (MOE) of AFM1 among infants (0–12 months) in Lebanon. All of the samples were analyzed using ELISA technique. AFB1 was below detection limit in all of the children’s food brands samples. Out of 42 IPF samples 9.5% were AFM1-positive in the range of 29.54–140.16 ng/L and exceeded the maximum tolerable limit (MTL) set by the European commission (25 ng/kg). The overall average contamination level was 5.72 ± 0.014 ng/L. The EDI of AMF1 for male was in the range of 0.37–0.78 ng/kg/b.w./day and 0.40–0.87 ng/kg/b.w./day for females. Similarly, the HQ calculation resulted in an average of 3.05 for males and 3.28 for females. MOE calculations were far lower from 10,000 in both genders which indicates a high risk of genotoxicity and carcinogenicity. Our findings show that AFM1’s EDI, HQ and MOE scored high among Lebanese infants. As infants consume more IPF relative to their body weight, the persistence of IPF with high AFM1 levels threatens their health. Thus, infant’s exposure risk to AFM1 in IPF should be a continuous focus of attention. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T01:42:35Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-b825e454d8774ba8af6c94991eb35579 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6651 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T01:42:35Z |
| publishDate | 2022-04-01 |
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| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxins |
| spelling | doaj.art-b825e454d8774ba8af6c94991eb355792023-11-23T13:22:20ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512022-04-0114529010.3390/toxins14050290Aflatoxin B1 Occurrence in Children under the Age of Five’s Food Products and Aflatoxin M1 Exposure Assessment and Risk Characterization of Arab Infants through Consumption of Infant Powdered Formula: A Lebanese ExperienceRouaa Daou0Maha Hoteit1Khlood Bookari2Majid Al-Khalaf3Sahar Nahle4Ayoub Al-Jawaldeh5Mohamad Koubar6Samah Doumiati7André EL Khoury8Centre d’Analyses et de Recherche (CAR), Unité de Recherche Technologies et Valorisation Agro-Alimentaire (UR-TVA), Faculty of Sciences, Campus of Sciences and Technologies, Mar Roukos, Saint-Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut 1104 2020, LebanonFaculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Beirut 6573, LebanonNational Nutrition Committee, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh 344, Saudi ArabiaNational Nutrition Committee, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh 344, Saudi ArabiaCentre d’Analyses et de Recherche (CAR), Unité de Recherche Technologies et Valorisation Agro-Alimentaire (UR-TVA), Faculty of Sciences, Campus of Sciences and Technologies, Mar Roukos, Saint-Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut 1104 2020, LebanonWorld Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Cairo 11371, EgyptFaculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Beirut 6573, LebanonFaculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Beirut 6573, LebanonCentre d’Analyses et de Recherche (CAR), Unité de Recherche Technologies et Valorisation Agro-Alimentaire (UR-TVA), Faculty of Sciences, Campus of Sciences and Technologies, Mar Roukos, Saint-Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut 1104 2020, LebanonAflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a salient metabolite that can be used to assess Aflatoxin B<sub>1</sub> (AFB1) exposure in humans and animals. The carcinogenic potency of AFB1 and AFM1 was severely reported. The aims of this study were (1) to survey the contamination level of AFM1 in the most traded infant powdered formula brands (IPF) (<i>n</i> = 42) along with the AFB1 level in under 5’s children food brands (biscuits, cornflakes, and cereals) (<i>n</i> = 42) and (2) to assess the estimated daily intake (EDI), the hazard quotient (HQ) and the margin of exposure (MOE) of AFM1 among infants (0–12 months) in Lebanon. All of the samples were analyzed using ELISA technique. AFB1 was below detection limit in all of the children’s food brands samples. Out of 42 IPF samples 9.5% were AFM1-positive in the range of 29.54–140.16 ng/L and exceeded the maximum tolerable limit (MTL) set by the European commission (25 ng/kg). The overall average contamination level was 5.72 ± 0.014 ng/L. The EDI of AMF1 for male was in the range of 0.37–0.78 ng/kg/b.w./day and 0.40–0.87 ng/kg/b.w./day for females. Similarly, the HQ calculation resulted in an average of 3.05 for males and 3.28 for females. MOE calculations were far lower from 10,000 in both genders which indicates a high risk of genotoxicity and carcinogenicity. Our findings show that AFM1’s EDI, HQ and MOE scored high among Lebanese infants. As infants consume more IPF relative to their body weight, the persistence of IPF with high AFM1 levels threatens their health. Thus, infant’s exposure risk to AFM1 in IPF should be a continuous focus of attention.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/14/5/290Aflatoxin B<sub>1</sub>Aflatoxin M<sub>1</sub>occurrenceexposureinfantsLebanon |
| spellingShingle | Rouaa Daou Maha Hoteit Khlood Bookari Majid Al-Khalaf Sahar Nahle Ayoub Al-Jawaldeh Mohamad Koubar Samah Doumiati André EL Khoury Aflatoxin B1 Occurrence in Children under the Age of Five’s Food Products and Aflatoxin M1 Exposure Assessment and Risk Characterization of Arab Infants through Consumption of Infant Powdered Formula: A Lebanese Experience Toxins Aflatoxin B<sub>1</sub> Aflatoxin M<sub>1</sub> occurrence exposure infants Lebanon |
| title | Aflatoxin B1 Occurrence in Children under the Age of Five’s Food Products and Aflatoxin M1 Exposure Assessment and Risk Characterization of Arab Infants through Consumption of Infant Powdered Formula: A Lebanese Experience |
| title_full | Aflatoxin B1 Occurrence in Children under the Age of Five’s Food Products and Aflatoxin M1 Exposure Assessment and Risk Characterization of Arab Infants through Consumption of Infant Powdered Formula: A Lebanese Experience |
| title_fullStr | Aflatoxin B1 Occurrence in Children under the Age of Five’s Food Products and Aflatoxin M1 Exposure Assessment and Risk Characterization of Arab Infants through Consumption of Infant Powdered Formula: A Lebanese Experience |
| title_full_unstemmed | Aflatoxin B1 Occurrence in Children under the Age of Five’s Food Products and Aflatoxin M1 Exposure Assessment and Risk Characterization of Arab Infants through Consumption of Infant Powdered Formula: A Lebanese Experience |
| title_short | Aflatoxin B1 Occurrence in Children under the Age of Five’s Food Products and Aflatoxin M1 Exposure Assessment and Risk Characterization of Arab Infants through Consumption of Infant Powdered Formula: A Lebanese Experience |
| title_sort | aflatoxin b1 occurrence in children under the age of five s food products and aflatoxin m1 exposure assessment and risk characterization of arab infants through consumption of infant powdered formula a lebanese experience |
| topic | Aflatoxin B<sub>1</sub> Aflatoxin M<sub>1</sub> occurrence exposure infants Lebanon |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/14/5/290 |
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