Gynecomastia: physiopathology, evaluation and treatment
Gynecomastia (GM) is characterized by enlargement of the male breast, caused by glandular proliferation and fat deposition. GM is common and occurs in adolescents, adults and in old age. The aim of this review is to discuss the pathophysiology, etiology, evaluation and therapy of GM. A hormonal imba...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Associação Paulista de Medicina
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| Series: | São Paulo Medical Journal |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-31802012000300009&lng=en&tlng=en |
| _version_ | 1818449120045563904 |
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| author | Alfredo Carlos Simões Dornellas de Barros Marcelo de Castro Moura Sampaio |
| author_facet | Alfredo Carlos Simões Dornellas de Barros Marcelo de Castro Moura Sampaio |
| author_sort | Alfredo Carlos Simões Dornellas de Barros |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Gynecomastia (GM) is characterized by enlargement of the male breast, caused by glandular proliferation and fat deposition. GM is common and occurs in adolescents, adults and in old age. The aim of this review is to discuss the pathophysiology, etiology, evaluation and therapy of GM. A hormonal imbalance between estrogens and androgens is the key hallmark of GM generation. The etiology of GM is attributable to physiological factors, endocrine tumors or dysfunctions, non-endocrine diseases, drug use or idiopathic causes. Clinical evaluation must address diagnostic confirmation, search for an etiological factor and classify GM into severity grades to guide the treatment. A proposal for tailored therapy is presented. Weight loss, reassurance, pharmacotherapy with tamoxifen and surgical correction are the therapeutic options. For long-standing GM, the best results are generally achieved through surgery, combining liposuction and mammary adenectomy. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-14T20:30:21Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-b8295e71cd104f76a19bcf1f2f731ade |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1806-9460 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-14T20:30:21Z |
| publisher | Associação Paulista de Medicina |
| record_format | Article |
| series | São Paulo Medical Journal |
| spelling | doaj.art-b8295e71cd104f76a19bcf1f2f731ade2022-12-21T22:48:32ZengAssociação Paulista de MedicinaSão Paulo Medical Journal1806-9460130318719710.1590/S1516-31802012000300009S1516-31802012000300009Gynecomastia: physiopathology, evaluation and treatmentAlfredo Carlos Simões Dornellas de Barros0Marcelo de Castro Moura Sampaio1Hospital Sírio-LibanêsHospital Sírio-LibanêsGynecomastia (GM) is characterized by enlargement of the male breast, caused by glandular proliferation and fat deposition. GM is common and occurs in adolescents, adults and in old age. The aim of this review is to discuss the pathophysiology, etiology, evaluation and therapy of GM. A hormonal imbalance between estrogens and androgens is the key hallmark of GM generation. The etiology of GM is attributable to physiological factors, endocrine tumors or dysfunctions, non-endocrine diseases, drug use or idiopathic causes. Clinical evaluation must address diagnostic confirmation, search for an etiological factor and classify GM into severity grades to guide the treatment. A proposal for tailored therapy is presented. Weight loss, reassurance, pharmacotherapy with tamoxifen and surgical correction are the therapeutic options. For long-standing GM, the best results are generally achieved through surgery, combining liposuction and mammary adenectomy.http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-31802012000300009&lng=en&tlng=enBreastGynecomastiaSurgeryAdolescentEndocrine system diseases |
| spellingShingle | Alfredo Carlos Simões Dornellas de Barros Marcelo de Castro Moura Sampaio Gynecomastia: physiopathology, evaluation and treatment São Paulo Medical Journal Breast Gynecomastia Surgery Adolescent Endocrine system diseases |
| title | Gynecomastia: physiopathology, evaluation and treatment |
| title_full | Gynecomastia: physiopathology, evaluation and treatment |
| title_fullStr | Gynecomastia: physiopathology, evaluation and treatment |
| title_full_unstemmed | Gynecomastia: physiopathology, evaluation and treatment |
| title_short | Gynecomastia: physiopathology, evaluation and treatment |
| title_sort | gynecomastia physiopathology evaluation and treatment |
| topic | Breast Gynecomastia Surgery Adolescent Endocrine system diseases |
| url | http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-31802012000300009&lng=en&tlng=en |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT alfredocarlossimoesdornellasdebarros gynecomastiaphysiopathologyevaluationandtreatment AT marcelodecastromourasampaio gynecomastiaphysiopathologyevaluationandtreatment |