Safe <i>Hb</i> Concentration Measurement during Bladder Irrigation Using Artificial Intelligence
We have developed a sensor for monitoring the hemoglobin (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>H</mi><mi>b</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2021-08-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/17/5723 |
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| author | Gerd Reis Xiaoying Tan Lea Kraft Mehmet Yilmaz Dominik Stephan Schoeb Arkadiusz Miernik |
| author_facet | Gerd Reis Xiaoying Tan Lea Kraft Mehmet Yilmaz Dominik Stephan Schoeb Arkadiusz Miernik |
| author_sort | Gerd Reis |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | We have developed a sensor for monitoring the hemoglobin (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>H</mi><mi>b</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>) concentration in the effluent of a continuous bladder irrigation. The <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>H</mi><mi>b</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> concentration measurement is based on light absorption within a fixed measuring distance. The light frequency used is selected so that both arterial and venous <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>H</mi><mi>b</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> are equally detected. The sensor allows the measurement of the <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>H</mi><mi>b</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> concentration up to a maximum value of 3.2 g/dL (equivalent to ≈20% blood concentration). Since bubble formation in the outflow tract cannot be avoided with current irrigation systems, a neural network is implemented that can robustly detect air bubbles within the measurement section. The network considers both optical and temporal features and is able to effectively safeguard the measurement process. The sensor supports the use of different irrigants (salt and electrolyte-free solutions) as well as measurement through glass shielding. The sensor can be used in a non-invasive way with current irrigation systems. The sensor is positively tested in a clinical study. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T08:05:17Z |
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| id | doaj.art-b8429d532fa74595a1d85c694f9fe39f |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T08:05:17Z |
| publishDate | 2021-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-b8429d532fa74595a1d85c694f9fe39f2023-11-22T11:11:21ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202021-08-012117572310.3390/s21175723Safe <i>Hb</i> Concentration Measurement during Bladder Irrigation Using Artificial IntelligenceGerd Reis0Xiaoying Tan1Lea Kraft2Mehmet Yilmaz3Dominik Stephan Schoeb4Arkadiusz Miernik5Department Augmented Vision, German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence, 67663 Kaiserslautern, GermanyDepartment Augmented Vision, German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence, 67663 Kaiserslautern, GermanyMedical Centre, Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, GermanyMedical Centre, Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, GermanyMedical Centre, Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, GermanyMedical Centre, Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, GermanyWe have developed a sensor for monitoring the hemoglobin (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>H</mi><mi>b</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>) concentration in the effluent of a continuous bladder irrigation. The <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>H</mi><mi>b</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> concentration measurement is based on light absorption within a fixed measuring distance. The light frequency used is selected so that both arterial and venous <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>H</mi><mi>b</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> are equally detected. The sensor allows the measurement of the <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>H</mi><mi>b</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> concentration up to a maximum value of 3.2 g/dL (equivalent to ≈20% blood concentration). Since bubble formation in the outflow tract cannot be avoided with current irrigation systems, a neural network is implemented that can robustly detect air bubbles within the measurement section. The network considers both optical and temporal features and is able to effectively safeguard the measurement process. The sensor supports the use of different irrigants (salt and electrolyte-free solutions) as well as measurement through glass shielding. The sensor can be used in a non-invasive way with current irrigation systems. The sensor is positively tested in a clinical study.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/17/5723hemoglobin sensorbladder irrigation monitorabsorption near infraredartificial intelligencebubble detection |
| spellingShingle | Gerd Reis Xiaoying Tan Lea Kraft Mehmet Yilmaz Dominik Stephan Schoeb Arkadiusz Miernik Safe <i>Hb</i> Concentration Measurement during Bladder Irrigation Using Artificial Intelligence Sensors hemoglobin sensor bladder irrigation monitor absorption near infrared artificial intelligence bubble detection |
| title | Safe <i>Hb</i> Concentration Measurement during Bladder Irrigation Using Artificial Intelligence |
| title_full | Safe <i>Hb</i> Concentration Measurement during Bladder Irrigation Using Artificial Intelligence |
| title_fullStr | Safe <i>Hb</i> Concentration Measurement during Bladder Irrigation Using Artificial Intelligence |
| title_full_unstemmed | Safe <i>Hb</i> Concentration Measurement during Bladder Irrigation Using Artificial Intelligence |
| title_short | Safe <i>Hb</i> Concentration Measurement during Bladder Irrigation Using Artificial Intelligence |
| title_sort | safe i hb i concentration measurement during bladder irrigation using artificial intelligence |
| topic | hemoglobin sensor bladder irrigation monitor absorption near infrared artificial intelligence bubble detection |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/17/5723 |
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