Tubakia spp., Didymella macrostoma and Apiognomonia errabunda causing leaf spot and anthracnose of Quercus robur in the Mura-Drava-Danube Biosphere Reserve
The Mura-Drava-Danube transboundary UNESCO Biosphere Reserve represents one of the best-preserved wetlands in Europe. The Reserve’s riparian forests play a significant role in ecosystem functioning and pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) is one of the keystone species of these forests. In recent years,...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2024-04-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Forests and Global Change |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/ffgc.2024.1363141/full |
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| author | Milica Zlatković Markus Sallmannshofer Silvio Schueler Thomas L. Cech Milutin Djilas Gernot Hoch Katharina Lapin Nikica Ogris Barbara Piškur Katharina Schwanda Srđan Stojnić Marjana Westergren Saša Orlović |
| author_facet | Milica Zlatković Markus Sallmannshofer Silvio Schueler Thomas L. Cech Milutin Djilas Gernot Hoch Katharina Lapin Nikica Ogris Barbara Piškur Katharina Schwanda Srđan Stojnić Marjana Westergren Saša Orlović |
| author_sort | Milica Zlatković |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The Mura-Drava-Danube transboundary UNESCO Biosphere Reserve represents one of the best-preserved wetlands in Europe. The Reserve’s riparian forests play a significant role in ecosystem functioning and pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) is one of the keystone species of these forests. In recent years, pedunculate oak trees in the Reserve displayed symptoms of necrotic lesions on their leaves. The lesions varied in size, from small, circular to irregular reddish brown to grayish spots to larger necrotic areas that resembled leaf anthracnose and extended along the leaf nerves. In 2021, symptomatic leaves were collected in three countries of the Reserve, i.e. Austria, Slovenia, and Serbia to identify the causative agents of these diseases. Fungal cultures were obtained from symptoms and identified using morphology and multilocus phylogenetic analyses of the ITS rDNA, partial LSU rDNA, tef 1-α, BT2, CAL, ACT, and RPB2 genes. The fungi were identified as Tubakia dryina, Tubakia sp. (Tubakia dryinoides sensu lato), Didymella macrostoma, and Apiognomonia errabunda. Pathogenicity tests done by inoculating the leaves of one-year old pedunculate oak plants revealed that the isolated fungi caused symptoms as those seen in the forest. To our knowledge, this study represents the first report of D. macrostoma as the cause of pedunculate oak leaf spot disease in Serbia and worldwide. It is also the first finding of Tubakia leaf spot disease of pedunculate oak caused by T. dryina in Austria and Serbia. Moreover, Tubakia sp. was proven to be another causative agent of Tubakia leaf spot disease. Additionally, oak anthracnose caused by A. errabunda was found for the first time on pedunculate oak leaves in Austria and Slovenia. During the past decade, pedunculate oak trees have been facing increasing threats from multiple abiotic and biotic factors which has resulted in decline and absence of natural regeneration of these trees. The results of this study add to the understanding of the contributing factors to the decline of pedunculate oak in riparian forests and are important for the development of management strategies to counteract this decline. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-24T08:15:19Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-24T08:15:19Z |
| publishDate | 2024-04-01 |
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| series | Frontiers in Forests and Global Change |
| spelling | doaj.art-b885399744c24014bf0f30b87a6b52242024-04-17T04:29:24ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Forests and Global Change2624-893X2024-04-01710.3389/ffgc.2024.13631411363141Tubakia spp., Didymella macrostoma and Apiognomonia errabunda causing leaf spot and anthracnose of Quercus robur in the Mura-Drava-Danube Biosphere ReserveMilica Zlatković0Markus Sallmannshofer1Silvio Schueler2Thomas L. Cech3Milutin Djilas4Gernot Hoch5Katharina Lapin6Nikica Ogris7Barbara Piškur8Katharina Schwanda9Srđan Stojnić10Marjana Westergren11Saša Orlović12Institute of Lowland Forestry and Environment (ILFE), University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, SerbiaAustrian Research Centre for Forests (BFW), Vienna, AustriaAustrian Research Centre for Forests (BFW), Vienna, AustriaAustrian Research Centre for Forests (BFW), Vienna, AustriaInstitute of Lowland Forestry and Environment (ILFE), University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, SerbiaAustrian Research Centre for Forests (BFW), Vienna, AustriaAustrian Research Centre for Forests (BFW), Vienna, AustriaSlovenian Forestry Institute, Ljubljana, SloveniaSlovenian Forestry Institute, Ljubljana, SloveniaAustrian Research Centre for Forests (BFW), Vienna, AustriaInstitute of Lowland Forestry and Environment (ILFE), University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, SerbiaSlovenian Forestry Institute, Ljubljana, SloveniaInstitute of Lowland Forestry and Environment (ILFE), University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, SerbiaThe Mura-Drava-Danube transboundary UNESCO Biosphere Reserve represents one of the best-preserved wetlands in Europe. The Reserve’s riparian forests play a significant role in ecosystem functioning and pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) is one of the keystone species of these forests. In recent years, pedunculate oak trees in the Reserve displayed symptoms of necrotic lesions on their leaves. The lesions varied in size, from small, circular to irregular reddish brown to grayish spots to larger necrotic areas that resembled leaf anthracnose and extended along the leaf nerves. In 2021, symptomatic leaves were collected in three countries of the Reserve, i.e. Austria, Slovenia, and Serbia to identify the causative agents of these diseases. Fungal cultures were obtained from symptoms and identified using morphology and multilocus phylogenetic analyses of the ITS rDNA, partial LSU rDNA, tef 1-α, BT2, CAL, ACT, and RPB2 genes. The fungi were identified as Tubakia dryina, Tubakia sp. (Tubakia dryinoides sensu lato), Didymella macrostoma, and Apiognomonia errabunda. Pathogenicity tests done by inoculating the leaves of one-year old pedunculate oak plants revealed that the isolated fungi caused symptoms as those seen in the forest. To our knowledge, this study represents the first report of D. macrostoma as the cause of pedunculate oak leaf spot disease in Serbia and worldwide. It is also the first finding of Tubakia leaf spot disease of pedunculate oak caused by T. dryina in Austria and Serbia. Moreover, Tubakia sp. was proven to be another causative agent of Tubakia leaf spot disease. Additionally, oak anthracnose caused by A. errabunda was found for the first time on pedunculate oak leaves in Austria and Slovenia. During the past decade, pedunculate oak trees have been facing increasing threats from multiple abiotic and biotic factors which has resulted in decline and absence of natural regeneration of these trees. The results of this study add to the understanding of the contributing factors to the decline of pedunculate oak in riparian forests and are important for the development of management strategies to counteract this decline.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/ffgc.2024.1363141/fullMura-Drava-Danube Biosphere Reserveriparian forestsleaf spot diseasesTubakia leaf spotDidymella macrostomaoak anthracnose |
| spellingShingle | Milica Zlatković Markus Sallmannshofer Silvio Schueler Thomas L. Cech Milutin Djilas Gernot Hoch Katharina Lapin Nikica Ogris Barbara Piškur Katharina Schwanda Srđan Stojnić Marjana Westergren Saša Orlović Tubakia spp., Didymella macrostoma and Apiognomonia errabunda causing leaf spot and anthracnose of Quercus robur in the Mura-Drava-Danube Biosphere Reserve Frontiers in Forests and Global Change Mura-Drava-Danube Biosphere Reserve riparian forests leaf spot diseases Tubakia leaf spot Didymella macrostoma oak anthracnose |
| title | Tubakia spp., Didymella macrostoma and Apiognomonia errabunda causing leaf spot and anthracnose of Quercus robur in the Mura-Drava-Danube Biosphere Reserve |
| title_full | Tubakia spp., Didymella macrostoma and Apiognomonia errabunda causing leaf spot and anthracnose of Quercus robur in the Mura-Drava-Danube Biosphere Reserve |
| title_fullStr | Tubakia spp., Didymella macrostoma and Apiognomonia errabunda causing leaf spot and anthracnose of Quercus robur in the Mura-Drava-Danube Biosphere Reserve |
| title_full_unstemmed | Tubakia spp., Didymella macrostoma and Apiognomonia errabunda causing leaf spot and anthracnose of Quercus robur in the Mura-Drava-Danube Biosphere Reserve |
| title_short | Tubakia spp., Didymella macrostoma and Apiognomonia errabunda causing leaf spot and anthracnose of Quercus robur in the Mura-Drava-Danube Biosphere Reserve |
| title_sort | tubakia spp didymella macrostoma and apiognomonia errabunda causing leaf spot and anthracnose of quercus robur in the mura drava danube biosphere reserve |
| topic | Mura-Drava-Danube Biosphere Reserve riparian forests leaf spot diseases Tubakia leaf spot Didymella macrostoma oak anthracnose |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/ffgc.2024.1363141/full |
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