Drying Grapes after the Application of Different Dipping Solutions: Effects on Hormones, Minerals, Vitamins, and Antioxidant Enzymes in Gök Üzüm (<i>Vitis vinifera</i> L.) Raisins
(1) Background: Raisins contain a wide range of hormones, minerals, vitamins, and antioxidant enzymes that may contribute to the health benefits of consumers. (2) Methods: The aim of this research was to compare the hormone, mineral, vitamin, and antioxidant capacities of Gök Üzüm (<i>Vitis vi...
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MDPI AG
2022-02-01
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| Series: | Plants |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/11/4/529 |
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| author | Nurhan Keskin Ozkan Kaya Fadime Ates Metin Turan Gastón Gutiérrez-Gamboa |
| author_facet | Nurhan Keskin Ozkan Kaya Fadime Ates Metin Turan Gastón Gutiérrez-Gamboa |
| author_sort | Nurhan Keskin |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | (1) Background: Raisins contain a wide range of hormones, minerals, vitamins, and antioxidant enzymes that may contribute to the health benefits of consumers. (2) Methods: The aim of this research was to compare the hormone, mineral, vitamin, and antioxidant capacities of Gök Üzüm (<i>Vitis vinifera</i> L.) raisins immersed in oak ash (OA) and potassium carbonate (PC) dipping solutions before drying. (3) Results: Abscisic acid (ABA) (5751.18–11,868.40 ng g<sup>−1</sup>) and riboflavin (95.17–135.54 mg 100 g<sup>−1</sup>) were the most abundant hormone and vitamin quantified in Gök Üzüm raisins. Glutathione S-transferase (540.07–744.85 EU gr berry<sup>−1</sup>), 6-glucose phosphate dehydrogenase (214.50–317.43 EU gr berry<sup>−1</sup>), and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (208.25–241.86 EU gr berry<sup>−1</sup>) enzymes presented the highest antioxidant activity in the samples. Raisins obtained after drying by immersion in OA presented higher indol-3-acetic acid (IAA), ABA, salicylic acid (SA), cytokinins (CK), and zeatin contents; glutathione reductase (GR), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), glutathione S-transferase (GST), 6 glucose phosphate dehydrogenase (6GPD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymatic activity; vitamin B1, B2, B6, C, and A contents; and nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), manganese (Mn), calcium (Ca), sulfur (S), potassium (K), iron (Fe), sodium (Na), and magnesium (Mg) levels compared to the grapes dried after PC applications. (4) Conclusions: Drying Gök Üzüm grapes after the application of OA dipping solution promotes a higher content of hormones, minerals, vitamins, and antioxidant enzymes compared to PC treatments. These results could help raisin producers to make decisions when using a dipping solution to dry grapes. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T21:12:23Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-b88f693db44a4ec08c6d66a76a2d1b9a |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2223-7747 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T21:12:23Z |
| publishDate | 2022-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Plants |
| spelling | doaj.art-b88f693db44a4ec08c6d66a76a2d1b9a2023-11-23T21:42:53ZengMDPI AGPlants2223-77472022-02-0111452910.3390/plants11040529Drying Grapes after the Application of Different Dipping Solutions: Effects on Hormones, Minerals, Vitamins, and Antioxidant Enzymes in Gök Üzüm (<i>Vitis vinifera</i> L.) RaisinsNurhan Keskin0Ozkan Kaya1Fadime Ates2Metin Turan3Gastón Gutiérrez-Gamboa4Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, Van 65090, TurkeyErzincan Horticultural Research Institute, Republic of Turkey Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Erzincan 24060, TurkeyManisa Viticulture Research Institute, Republic of Turkey Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Manisa 45125, TurkeyDepartment of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul 34755, TurkeyEscuela de Agronomía, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Huechuraba 8580000, Chile(1) Background: Raisins contain a wide range of hormones, minerals, vitamins, and antioxidant enzymes that may contribute to the health benefits of consumers. (2) Methods: The aim of this research was to compare the hormone, mineral, vitamin, and antioxidant capacities of Gök Üzüm (<i>Vitis vinifera</i> L.) raisins immersed in oak ash (OA) and potassium carbonate (PC) dipping solutions before drying. (3) Results: Abscisic acid (ABA) (5751.18–11,868.40 ng g<sup>−1</sup>) and riboflavin (95.17–135.54 mg 100 g<sup>−1</sup>) were the most abundant hormone and vitamin quantified in Gök Üzüm raisins. Glutathione S-transferase (540.07–744.85 EU gr berry<sup>−1</sup>), 6-glucose phosphate dehydrogenase (214.50–317.43 EU gr berry<sup>−1</sup>), and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (208.25–241.86 EU gr berry<sup>−1</sup>) enzymes presented the highest antioxidant activity in the samples. Raisins obtained after drying by immersion in OA presented higher indol-3-acetic acid (IAA), ABA, salicylic acid (SA), cytokinins (CK), and zeatin contents; glutathione reductase (GR), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), glutathione S-transferase (GST), 6 glucose phosphate dehydrogenase (6GPD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymatic activity; vitamin B1, B2, B6, C, and A contents; and nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), manganese (Mn), calcium (Ca), sulfur (S), potassium (K), iron (Fe), sodium (Na), and magnesium (Mg) levels compared to the grapes dried after PC applications. (4) Conclusions: Drying Gök Üzüm grapes after the application of OA dipping solution promotes a higher content of hormones, minerals, vitamins, and antioxidant enzymes compared to PC treatments. These results could help raisin producers to make decisions when using a dipping solution to dry grapes.https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/11/4/529autochthonous varietydipping solutiondried grapesdrying grape processes |
| spellingShingle | Nurhan Keskin Ozkan Kaya Fadime Ates Metin Turan Gastón Gutiérrez-Gamboa Drying Grapes after the Application of Different Dipping Solutions: Effects on Hormones, Minerals, Vitamins, and Antioxidant Enzymes in Gök Üzüm (<i>Vitis vinifera</i> L.) Raisins Plants autochthonous variety dipping solution dried grapes drying grape processes |
| title | Drying Grapes after the Application of Different Dipping Solutions: Effects on Hormones, Minerals, Vitamins, and Antioxidant Enzymes in Gök Üzüm (<i>Vitis vinifera</i> L.) Raisins |
| title_full | Drying Grapes after the Application of Different Dipping Solutions: Effects on Hormones, Minerals, Vitamins, and Antioxidant Enzymes in Gök Üzüm (<i>Vitis vinifera</i> L.) Raisins |
| title_fullStr | Drying Grapes after the Application of Different Dipping Solutions: Effects on Hormones, Minerals, Vitamins, and Antioxidant Enzymes in Gök Üzüm (<i>Vitis vinifera</i> L.) Raisins |
| title_full_unstemmed | Drying Grapes after the Application of Different Dipping Solutions: Effects on Hormones, Minerals, Vitamins, and Antioxidant Enzymes in Gök Üzüm (<i>Vitis vinifera</i> L.) Raisins |
| title_short | Drying Grapes after the Application of Different Dipping Solutions: Effects on Hormones, Minerals, Vitamins, and Antioxidant Enzymes in Gök Üzüm (<i>Vitis vinifera</i> L.) Raisins |
| title_sort | drying grapes after the application of different dipping solutions effects on hormones minerals vitamins and antioxidant enzymes in gok uzum i vitis vinifera i l raisins |
| topic | autochthonous variety dipping solution dried grapes drying grape processes |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/11/4/529 |
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