Clonal Propagation of Walnuts (<i>Juglans</i> spp.): A Review on Evolution from Traditional Techniques to Application of Biotechnology
Walnuts (<i>Juglans</i> sp.) are allogamous species. Seed-derived plants are not always superior to the selected parent. Clonal propagation of selected stock plants is an essential requirement for the clonal fidelity of the descendants and to maintain their genetic structure. Selection o...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-11-01
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| Series: | Plants |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/11/22/3040 |
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| author | Kourosh Vahdati Rasoul Sadeghi-Majd Adriana F. Sestras Ricardo Julián Licea-Moreno Augusto Peixe Radu E. Sestras |
| author_facet | Kourosh Vahdati Rasoul Sadeghi-Majd Adriana F. Sestras Ricardo Julián Licea-Moreno Augusto Peixe Radu E. Sestras |
| author_sort | Kourosh Vahdati |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Walnuts (<i>Juglans</i> sp.) are allogamous species. Seed-derived plants are not always superior to the selected parent. Clonal propagation of selected stock plants is an essential requirement for the clonal fidelity of the descendants and to maintain their genetic structure. Selection of the desired plant is realized only after reaching maturity, and characterizing and evaluating the performance of adult trees require a long time. Clonal propagation methods ensure proper transmission of characters to descendants and can be used effectively in breeding programs. The commercialization of a cultivar or rootstock depends on the success of vegetative propagation. Walnuts, like other tree species, are recalcitrant to conventional vegetative propagation methods and even non-conventional in vitro culture (micropropagation). Elucidation of factors determining the success of cloning of desired plants would contribute to understanding current limitations for most genotypes of <i>Juglans</i>. We outline the role of grafting and cuttings and stool layering, as well as in vitro culture on walnut multiplication. These techniques are, in practice, entirely different; nevertheless, they are affected by common factors. The incompatibility of stock-scion and the reduced ability of stem cuttings to root are the main bottlenecks for grafting and cutting, respectively. Genotype, age, and physiological status, reinvigoration or rejuvenation-treatment of donor plant, period of harvesting and processing of explants critically affect the results of methods followed. The in vitro culture technology is the most suitable for walnut cloning. This also has constraints that affect commercial propagation of most desired genotypes. We describe comprehensive results and synthesis in this review on the asexual reproduction of walnuts, providing a better comprehension of the limiting factors and the ways to overcome them, with direct implications on commercial propagation and the releasing of outstanding genotypes. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T18:04:15Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-b8a6d3994eaf4ab89e0ec397dfa9d39d |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2223-7747 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T18:04:15Z |
| publishDate | 2022-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Plants |
| spelling | doaj.art-b8a6d3994eaf4ab89e0ec397dfa9d39d2023-11-24T09:38:39ZengMDPI AGPlants2223-77472022-11-011122304010.3390/plants11223040Clonal Propagation of Walnuts (<i>Juglans</i> spp.): A Review on Evolution from Traditional Techniques to Application of BiotechnologyKourosh Vahdati0Rasoul Sadeghi-Majd1Adriana F. Sestras2Ricardo Julián Licea-Moreno3Augusto Peixe4Radu E. Sestras5Department of Horticulture, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Tehran 3391653755, IranDepartment of Horticulture, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Tehran 3391653755, IranDepartment of Forestry, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, RomaniaDepartment of Biotechnology, Micropropagation Unit, Bosques Naturales S.A., 28108 Madrid, SpainMED–Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Department of Plant Science, School of Science and Technology, University of Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, PortugalDepartment of Horticulture and Landscape, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, RomaniaWalnuts (<i>Juglans</i> sp.) are allogamous species. Seed-derived plants are not always superior to the selected parent. Clonal propagation of selected stock plants is an essential requirement for the clonal fidelity of the descendants and to maintain their genetic structure. Selection of the desired plant is realized only after reaching maturity, and characterizing and evaluating the performance of adult trees require a long time. Clonal propagation methods ensure proper transmission of characters to descendants and can be used effectively in breeding programs. The commercialization of a cultivar or rootstock depends on the success of vegetative propagation. Walnuts, like other tree species, are recalcitrant to conventional vegetative propagation methods and even non-conventional in vitro culture (micropropagation). Elucidation of factors determining the success of cloning of desired plants would contribute to understanding current limitations for most genotypes of <i>Juglans</i>. We outline the role of grafting and cuttings and stool layering, as well as in vitro culture on walnut multiplication. These techniques are, in practice, entirely different; nevertheless, they are affected by common factors. The incompatibility of stock-scion and the reduced ability of stem cuttings to root are the main bottlenecks for grafting and cutting, respectively. Genotype, age, and physiological status, reinvigoration or rejuvenation-treatment of donor plant, period of harvesting and processing of explants critically affect the results of methods followed. The in vitro culture technology is the most suitable for walnut cloning. This also has constraints that affect commercial propagation of most desired genotypes. We describe comprehensive results and synthesis in this review on the asexual reproduction of walnuts, providing a better comprehension of the limiting factors and the ways to overcome them, with direct implications on commercial propagation and the releasing of outstanding genotypes.https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/11/22/3040acclimatizationadventitious root formationgraftingin vitro culturelayeringvegetative propagation |
| spellingShingle | Kourosh Vahdati Rasoul Sadeghi-Majd Adriana F. Sestras Ricardo Julián Licea-Moreno Augusto Peixe Radu E. Sestras Clonal Propagation of Walnuts (<i>Juglans</i> spp.): A Review on Evolution from Traditional Techniques to Application of Biotechnology Plants acclimatization adventitious root formation grafting in vitro culture layering vegetative propagation |
| title | Clonal Propagation of Walnuts (<i>Juglans</i> spp.): A Review on Evolution from Traditional Techniques to Application of Biotechnology |
| title_full | Clonal Propagation of Walnuts (<i>Juglans</i> spp.): A Review on Evolution from Traditional Techniques to Application of Biotechnology |
| title_fullStr | Clonal Propagation of Walnuts (<i>Juglans</i> spp.): A Review on Evolution from Traditional Techniques to Application of Biotechnology |
| title_full_unstemmed | Clonal Propagation of Walnuts (<i>Juglans</i> spp.): A Review on Evolution from Traditional Techniques to Application of Biotechnology |
| title_short | Clonal Propagation of Walnuts (<i>Juglans</i> spp.): A Review on Evolution from Traditional Techniques to Application of Biotechnology |
| title_sort | clonal propagation of walnuts i juglans i spp a review on evolution from traditional techniques to application of biotechnology |
| topic | acclimatization adventitious root formation grafting in vitro culture layering vegetative propagation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/11/22/3040 |
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