The Neglected Insulin: IGF-II, a Metabolic Regulator with Implications for Diabetes, Obesity, and Cancer
When originally discovered, one of the initial observations was that, when all of the insulin peptide was depleted from serum, the vast majority of the insulin activity remained and this was due to a single additional peptide, IGF-II. The IGF-II gene is adjacent to the insulin gene, which is a resul...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2019-10-01
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| Series: | Cells |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/8/10/1207 |
| _version_ | 1827842034751242240 |
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| author | Jeff M. P. Holly Kalina Biernacka Claire M. Perks |
| author_facet | Jeff M. P. Holly Kalina Biernacka Claire M. Perks |
| author_sort | Jeff M. P. Holly |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | When originally discovered, one of the initial observations was that, when all of the insulin peptide was depleted from serum, the vast majority of the insulin activity remained and this was due to a single additional peptide, IGF-II. The IGF-II gene is adjacent to the insulin gene, which is a result of gene duplication, but has evolved to be considerably more complicated. It was one of the first genes recognised to be imprinted and expressed in a parent-of-origin specific manner. The gene codes for IGF-II mRNA, but, in addition, also codes for antisense RNA, long non-coding RNA, and several micro RNA. Recent evidence suggests that each of these have important independent roles in metabolic regulation. It has also become clear that an alternatively spliced form of the insulin receptor may be the principle IGF-II receptor. These recent discoveries have important implications for metabolic disorders and also for cancer, for which there is renewed acknowledgement of the importance of metabolic reprogramming. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-12T08:02:15Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-b8de46c73d2748e28ca1c9820569de93 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4409 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-12T08:02:15Z |
| publishDate | 2019-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Cells |
| spelling | doaj.art-b8de46c73d2748e28ca1c9820569de932023-09-02T19:47:54ZengMDPI AGCells2073-44092019-10-01810120710.3390/cells8101207cells8101207The Neglected Insulin: IGF-II, a Metabolic Regulator with Implications for Diabetes, Obesity, and CancerJeff M. P. Holly0Kalina Biernacka1Claire M. Perks2Department of Translational Health Science, Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Learning & Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, UKDepartment of Translational Health Science, Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Learning & Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, UKDepartment of Translational Health Science, Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Learning & Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, UKWhen originally discovered, one of the initial observations was that, when all of the insulin peptide was depleted from serum, the vast majority of the insulin activity remained and this was due to a single additional peptide, IGF-II. The IGF-II gene is adjacent to the insulin gene, which is a result of gene duplication, but has evolved to be considerably more complicated. It was one of the first genes recognised to be imprinted and expressed in a parent-of-origin specific manner. The gene codes for IGF-II mRNA, but, in addition, also codes for antisense RNA, long non-coding RNA, and several micro RNA. Recent evidence suggests that each of these have important independent roles in metabolic regulation. It has also become clear that an alternatively spliced form of the insulin receptor may be the principle IGF-II receptor. These recent discoveries have important implications for metabolic disorders and also for cancer, for which there is renewed acknowledgement of the importance of metabolic reprogramming.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/8/10/1207igf-iiinsulinmetabolismdiabetesobesitycancer |
| spellingShingle | Jeff M. P. Holly Kalina Biernacka Claire M. Perks The Neglected Insulin: IGF-II, a Metabolic Regulator with Implications for Diabetes, Obesity, and Cancer Cells igf-ii insulin metabolism diabetes obesity cancer |
| title | The Neglected Insulin: IGF-II, a Metabolic Regulator with Implications for Diabetes, Obesity, and Cancer |
| title_full | The Neglected Insulin: IGF-II, a Metabolic Regulator with Implications for Diabetes, Obesity, and Cancer |
| title_fullStr | The Neglected Insulin: IGF-II, a Metabolic Regulator with Implications for Diabetes, Obesity, and Cancer |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Neglected Insulin: IGF-II, a Metabolic Regulator with Implications for Diabetes, Obesity, and Cancer |
| title_short | The Neglected Insulin: IGF-II, a Metabolic Regulator with Implications for Diabetes, Obesity, and Cancer |
| title_sort | neglected insulin igf ii a metabolic regulator with implications for diabetes obesity and cancer |
| topic | igf-ii insulin metabolism diabetes obesity cancer |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/8/10/1207 |
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