Balanced Genome Triplication in Wheat Causes Premature Growth Arrest and an Upheaval of Genome-Wide Gene Regulation
Polyploidy, or whole genome duplication (WGD), is a driving evolutionary force across the tree of life and has played a pervasive role in the evolution of the plant kingdom. It is generally believed that a major genetic attribute contributing to the success of polyploidy is increased gene and genome...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2020-07-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Genetics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fgene.2020.00687/full |
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| author | Xiaowan Gou Xiaowan Gou Ruili Lv Changyi Wang Tiansi Fu Yan Sha Lei Gong Huakun Zhang Bao Liu |
| author_facet | Xiaowan Gou Xiaowan Gou Ruili Lv Changyi Wang Tiansi Fu Yan Sha Lei Gong Huakun Zhang Bao Liu |
| author_sort | Xiaowan Gou |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Polyploidy, or whole genome duplication (WGD), is a driving evolutionary force across the tree of life and has played a pervasive role in the evolution of the plant kingdom. It is generally believed that a major genetic attribute contributing to the success of polyploidy is increased gene and genome dosage. The evolution of polyploid wheat has lent support to this scenario. Wheat has evolved at three ploidal levels: diploidy, tetraploidy, and hexaploidy. Ample evidence testifies that the evolutionary success, be it with respect to evolvability, natural adaptability, or domestication has dramatically increased with each elevation of the ploidal levels. A long-standing question is what would be the outcome if a further elevation of ploidy is superimposed on hexaploid wheat? Here, we characterized a spontaneously occurring nonaploid wheat individual in selfed progenies of synthetic hexaploid wheat and compared it with its isogenic hexaploid siblings at the phenotypic, cytological, and genome-wide gene-expression levels. The nonaploid manifested severe defects in growth and development, albeit with a balanced triplication of the three wheat subgenomes. Transcriptomic profiling of the second leaf of nonaploid, taken at a stage when phenotypic abnormality was not yet discernible, already revealed significant dysregulation in global-scale gene expression with ca. 25.2% of the 49,436 expressed genes being differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at a twofold change cutoff relative to the hexaploid counterpart. Both up- and downregulated DEGs were identified in the nonaploid vs. hexaploid, including 457 genes showing qualitative alteration, i.e., silencing or activation. Impaired functionality at both cellular and organismal levels was inferred from gene ontology analysis of the DEGs. Homoeologous expression analysis of 9,574 sets of syntenic triads indicated that, compared with hexaploid, the proportions showing various homeologous expression patterns were highly conserved in the nonaploid although gene identity showed moderate reshuffling among some of the patterns in the nonaploid. Together, our results suggest hexaploidy is likely the upper limit of ploidy level in wheat; crossing this threshold incurs severe ploidy syndrome that is preceded by disruptive dysregulation of global gene expression. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-11T16:41:36Z |
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| issn | 1664-8021 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-11T16:41:36Z |
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| spelling | doaj.art-b8e57174920340af861ba4bfa92d366b2022-12-22T00:58:19ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Genetics1664-80212020-07-011110.3389/fgene.2020.00687549714Balanced Genome Triplication in Wheat Causes Premature Growth Arrest and an Upheaval of Genome-Wide Gene RegulationXiaowan Gou0Xiaowan Gou1Ruili Lv2Changyi Wang3Tiansi Fu4Yan Sha5Lei Gong6Huakun Zhang7Bao Liu8School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, ChinaKey Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, ChinaKey Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, ChinaKey Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, ChinaKey Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, ChinaKey Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, ChinaKey Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, ChinaKey Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, ChinaKey Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, ChinaPolyploidy, or whole genome duplication (WGD), is a driving evolutionary force across the tree of life and has played a pervasive role in the evolution of the plant kingdom. It is generally believed that a major genetic attribute contributing to the success of polyploidy is increased gene and genome dosage. The evolution of polyploid wheat has lent support to this scenario. Wheat has evolved at three ploidal levels: diploidy, tetraploidy, and hexaploidy. Ample evidence testifies that the evolutionary success, be it with respect to evolvability, natural adaptability, or domestication has dramatically increased with each elevation of the ploidal levels. A long-standing question is what would be the outcome if a further elevation of ploidy is superimposed on hexaploid wheat? Here, we characterized a spontaneously occurring nonaploid wheat individual in selfed progenies of synthetic hexaploid wheat and compared it with its isogenic hexaploid siblings at the phenotypic, cytological, and genome-wide gene-expression levels. The nonaploid manifested severe defects in growth and development, albeit with a balanced triplication of the three wheat subgenomes. Transcriptomic profiling of the second leaf of nonaploid, taken at a stage when phenotypic abnormality was not yet discernible, already revealed significant dysregulation in global-scale gene expression with ca. 25.2% of the 49,436 expressed genes being differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at a twofold change cutoff relative to the hexaploid counterpart. Both up- and downregulated DEGs were identified in the nonaploid vs. hexaploid, including 457 genes showing qualitative alteration, i.e., silencing or activation. Impaired functionality at both cellular and organismal levels was inferred from gene ontology analysis of the DEGs. Homoeologous expression analysis of 9,574 sets of syntenic triads indicated that, compared with hexaploid, the proportions showing various homeologous expression patterns were highly conserved in the nonaploid although gene identity showed moderate reshuffling among some of the patterns in the nonaploid. Together, our results suggest hexaploidy is likely the upper limit of ploidy level in wheat; crossing this threshold incurs severe ploidy syndrome that is preceded by disruptive dysregulation of global gene expression.https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fgene.2020.00687/fullploidy levelgenome multiplicationtranscriptome shockdysregulationploidy syndromeTriticum aestivum |
| spellingShingle | Xiaowan Gou Xiaowan Gou Ruili Lv Changyi Wang Tiansi Fu Yan Sha Lei Gong Huakun Zhang Bao Liu Balanced Genome Triplication in Wheat Causes Premature Growth Arrest and an Upheaval of Genome-Wide Gene Regulation Frontiers in Genetics ploidy level genome multiplication transcriptome shock dysregulation ploidy syndrome Triticum aestivum |
| title | Balanced Genome Triplication in Wheat Causes Premature Growth Arrest and an Upheaval of Genome-Wide Gene Regulation |
| title_full | Balanced Genome Triplication in Wheat Causes Premature Growth Arrest and an Upheaval of Genome-Wide Gene Regulation |
| title_fullStr | Balanced Genome Triplication in Wheat Causes Premature Growth Arrest and an Upheaval of Genome-Wide Gene Regulation |
| title_full_unstemmed | Balanced Genome Triplication in Wheat Causes Premature Growth Arrest and an Upheaval of Genome-Wide Gene Regulation |
| title_short | Balanced Genome Triplication in Wheat Causes Premature Growth Arrest and an Upheaval of Genome-Wide Gene Regulation |
| title_sort | balanced genome triplication in wheat causes premature growth arrest and an upheaval of genome wide gene regulation |
| topic | ploidy level genome multiplication transcriptome shock dysregulation ploidy syndrome Triticum aestivum |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fgene.2020.00687/full |
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