Common Bacterial Infections during the 3-Month Period after SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Introduction: Correlations between SARS-CoV-2 and bacterial infections have mainly been studied in hospitals, and these studies have shown that such interactions may be lethal for many. In the context of community flora, less is known of the trends and consequences of viral infections relative to su...
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MDPI AG
2023-12-01
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| Series: | Healthcare |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/11/24/3151 |
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| author | Bar Cohen Shirley Shapiro Ben David Daniella Rahamim-Cohen Afif Nakhleh Arnon Shahar Ilan Yehoshua Avital Bilitzky-Kopit Joseph Azuri Miri Mizrahi Reuveni Limor Adler |
| author_facet | Bar Cohen Shirley Shapiro Ben David Daniella Rahamim-Cohen Afif Nakhleh Arnon Shahar Ilan Yehoshua Avital Bilitzky-Kopit Joseph Azuri Miri Mizrahi Reuveni Limor Adler |
| author_sort | Bar Cohen |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Introduction: Correlations between SARS-CoV-2 and bacterial infections have mainly been studied in hospitals, and these studies have shown that such interactions may be lethal for many. In the context of community flora, less is known of the trends and consequences of viral infections relative to subsequent bacterial infections. Purpose: This study aims to explore the prevalence and characteristics of bacterial infections in the three months following SARS-CoV-2 infections, in a community, real-world setting. Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, we compared patients who completed a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test or an antigen test for SARS-CoV-2 during January 2022, the peak of the Omicron wave, and examined bacterial infections following the test. We searched these cases for diagnoses of the following four bacterial infections for three months following the test: Group A Streptococcus (GAS) pharyngitis, pneumonia, cellulitis, and urinary tract infections (UTI). Results: During January 2022, 267,931 patients tested positive and 261,909 tested negative for SARS-CoV-2. Test-positive compared to test-negative patients were significantly younger (42.5 years old vs. 48.5 years old, <i>p</i> < 0.001), smoked less, and had fewer comorbidities (including ischemic heart disease, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and chronic renal failure). In the multivariable analysis, test-positive patients had an increased risk for GAS pharyngitis (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.25, 95% CI 1.14–1.38, <i>p</i>-value < 0.001) and pneumonia (aOR = 1.25, 95% CI 1.15–1.35, <i>p</i>-value < 0.001), a trend towards an increased prevalence of UTI (aOR = 1.05, 95% CI 0.99–1.12, <i>p</i>-value = 0.092), and lower risk for cellulitis (aOR = 0.92, 95% CI 0.86–0.99, <i>p</i>-value < 0.05). Conclusions: A history of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the past three months increased susceptibility to respiratory tract bacterial infections and the prevalence of UTI. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T20:44:07Z |
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| id | doaj.art-b8e9979e0fe2485fba39ef1b7aea57b8 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T20:44:07Z |
| publishDate | 2023-12-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-b8e9979e0fe2485fba39ef1b7aea57b82023-12-22T14:11:58ZengMDPI AGHealthcare2227-90322023-12-011124315110.3390/healthcare11243151Common Bacterial Infections during the 3-Month Period after SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Retrospective Cohort StudyBar Cohen0Shirley Shapiro Ben David1Daniella Rahamim-Cohen2Afif Nakhleh3Arnon Shahar4Ilan Yehoshua5Avital Bilitzky-Kopit6Joseph Azuri7Miri Mizrahi Reuveni8Limor Adler9Health Division, Maccabi Healthcare Services, Tel Aviv 6812509, IsraelHealth Division, Maccabi Healthcare Services, Tel Aviv 6812509, IsraelHealth Division, Maccabi Healthcare Services, Tel Aviv 6812509, IsraelDiabetes and Endocrinology Clinic, Maccabi Healthcare Services, Haifa 3299001, IsraelHealth Division, Maccabi Healthcare Services, Tel Aviv 6812509, IsraelHealth Division, Maccabi Healthcare Services, Tel Aviv 6812509, IsraelHealth Division, Maccabi Healthcare Services, Tel Aviv 6812509, IsraelHealth Division, Maccabi Healthcare Services, Tel Aviv 6812509, IsraelHealth Division, Maccabi Healthcare Services, Tel Aviv 6812509, IsraelHealth Division, Maccabi Healthcare Services, Tel Aviv 6812509, IsraelIntroduction: Correlations between SARS-CoV-2 and bacterial infections have mainly been studied in hospitals, and these studies have shown that such interactions may be lethal for many. In the context of community flora, less is known of the trends and consequences of viral infections relative to subsequent bacterial infections. Purpose: This study aims to explore the prevalence and characteristics of bacterial infections in the three months following SARS-CoV-2 infections, in a community, real-world setting. Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, we compared patients who completed a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test or an antigen test for SARS-CoV-2 during January 2022, the peak of the Omicron wave, and examined bacterial infections following the test. We searched these cases for diagnoses of the following four bacterial infections for three months following the test: Group A Streptococcus (GAS) pharyngitis, pneumonia, cellulitis, and urinary tract infections (UTI). Results: During January 2022, 267,931 patients tested positive and 261,909 tested negative for SARS-CoV-2. Test-positive compared to test-negative patients were significantly younger (42.5 years old vs. 48.5 years old, <i>p</i> < 0.001), smoked less, and had fewer comorbidities (including ischemic heart disease, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and chronic renal failure). In the multivariable analysis, test-positive patients had an increased risk for GAS pharyngitis (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.25, 95% CI 1.14–1.38, <i>p</i>-value < 0.001) and pneumonia (aOR = 1.25, 95% CI 1.15–1.35, <i>p</i>-value < 0.001), a trend towards an increased prevalence of UTI (aOR = 1.05, 95% CI 0.99–1.12, <i>p</i>-value = 0.092), and lower risk for cellulitis (aOR = 0.92, 95% CI 0.86–0.99, <i>p</i>-value < 0.05). Conclusions: A history of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the past three months increased susceptibility to respiratory tract bacterial infections and the prevalence of UTI.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/11/24/3151bacterial infectionsCOVID-19SARS-CoV-2pneumoniaurinary tract infectionsgroup A streptococcus pharyngitis |
| spellingShingle | Bar Cohen Shirley Shapiro Ben David Daniella Rahamim-Cohen Afif Nakhleh Arnon Shahar Ilan Yehoshua Avital Bilitzky-Kopit Joseph Azuri Miri Mizrahi Reuveni Limor Adler Common Bacterial Infections during the 3-Month Period after SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Retrospective Cohort Study Healthcare bacterial infections COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia urinary tract infections group A streptococcus pharyngitis |
| title | Common Bacterial Infections during the 3-Month Period after SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Retrospective Cohort Study |
| title_full | Common Bacterial Infections during the 3-Month Period after SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Retrospective Cohort Study |
| title_fullStr | Common Bacterial Infections during the 3-Month Period after SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Retrospective Cohort Study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Common Bacterial Infections during the 3-Month Period after SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Retrospective Cohort Study |
| title_short | Common Bacterial Infections during the 3-Month Period after SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Retrospective Cohort Study |
| title_sort | common bacterial infections during the 3 month period after sars cov 2 infection a retrospective cohort study |
| topic | bacterial infections COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia urinary tract infections group A streptococcus pharyngitis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/11/24/3151 |
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