Time Dependence of 50–250 MeV Galactic Cosmic-Ray Protons between Solar Cycles 24 and 25, Measured by the High-energy Particle Detector on board the CSES-01 Satellite
Time-dependent energy spectra of galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) carry crucial information regarding their origin and propagation throughout the interstellar environment. When observed at the Earth, after traversing the interplanetary medium, such spectra are heavily affected by the solar wind and the e...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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IOP Publishing
2023-01-01
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| Series: | The Astrophysical Journal Letters |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/acbea7 |
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| author | M. Martucci R. Ammendola D. Badoni S. Bartocci R. Battiston S. Beolè W. J. Burger D. Campana G. Castellini P. Cipollone S. Coli L. Conti A. Contin M. Cristoforetti G. D’Angelo C. De Donato C. De Santis A. Di Luca F. M. Follega G. Gebbia R. Iuppa A. Lega M. Lolli N. Marcelli G. Masciantonio M. Mergè M. Mese C. Neubüser F. Nozzoli A. Oliva G. Osteria L. Pacini F. Palma F. Palmonari B. Panico A. Parmentier S. Perciballi F. Perfetto P. Picozza M. Pozzato G. M. Rebustini E. Ricci M. Ricci S. B. Ricciarini U. Savino Z. Sahnoun V. Scotti A. Sotgiu R. Sparvoli P. Ubertini V. Vilona V. Vitale S. Zoffoli P. Zuccon O. P. M. Aslam M. D. Ngobeni M. S. Potgieter |
| author_facet | M. Martucci R. Ammendola D. Badoni S. Bartocci R. Battiston S. Beolè W. J. Burger D. Campana G. Castellini P. Cipollone S. Coli L. Conti A. Contin M. Cristoforetti G. D’Angelo C. De Donato C. De Santis A. Di Luca F. M. Follega G. Gebbia R. Iuppa A. Lega M. Lolli N. Marcelli G. Masciantonio M. Mergè M. Mese C. Neubüser F. Nozzoli A. Oliva G. Osteria L. Pacini F. Palma F. Palmonari B. Panico A. Parmentier S. Perciballi F. Perfetto P. Picozza M. Pozzato G. M. Rebustini E. Ricci M. Ricci S. B. Ricciarini U. Savino Z. Sahnoun V. Scotti A. Sotgiu R. Sparvoli P. Ubertini V. Vilona V. Vitale S. Zoffoli P. Zuccon O. P. M. Aslam M. D. Ngobeni M. S. Potgieter |
| author_sort | M. Martucci |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Time-dependent energy spectra of galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) carry crucial information regarding their origin and propagation throughout the interstellar environment. When observed at the Earth, after traversing the interplanetary medium, such spectra are heavily affected by the solar wind and the embedded solar magnetic field permeating the inner sectors of the heliosphere. The activity of the Sun changes significantly over an 11 yr solar cycle—and so does the effect on cosmic particles; this translates into a phenomenon called solar modulation. Moreover, GCR spectra during different epochs of solar activity provide invaluable information for a complete understanding of the plethora of mechanisms taking place in various layers of the Sun’s atmosphere and how they evolve over time. The High-Energy Particle Detector (HEPD-01) has been continuously collecting data since 2018 August, during the quiet phase between solar cycles 24 and 25; the activity of the Sun is slowly but steadily rising and is expected to peak around 2025/2026. In this paper, we present the first spectra for ∼50–250 MeV galactic protons measured by the HEPD-01 instrument—placed on board the CSES-01 satellite—from 2018 August to 2022 March over a one-Carrington-rotation time basis. Such data are compared to the ones from other spaceborne experiments, present (e.g., EPHIN, Parker Solar Probe) and past (PAMELA), and to a state-of-the-art three-dimensional model describing the GCRs propagation through the heliosphere. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-12T04:44:16Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-b8ea916360bd4c22af329ed2f2b52bff |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2041-8205 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-12T04:44:16Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | IOP Publishing |
| record_format | Article |
| series | The Astrophysical Journal Letters |
| spelling | doaj.art-b8ea916360bd4c22af329ed2f2b52bff2023-09-03T09:30:36ZengIOP PublishingThe Astrophysical Journal Letters2041-82052023-01-019452L3910.3847/2041-8213/acbea7Time Dependence of 50–250 MeV Galactic Cosmic-Ray Protons between Solar Cycles 24 and 25, Measured by the High-energy Particle Detector on board the CSES-01 SatelliteM. Martucci0https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3033-4824R. Ammendola1https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4501-3289D. Badoni2https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9027-2039S. Bartocci3https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3066-8621R. Battiston4https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5808-7239S. Beolè5https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4673-8038W. J. Burger6https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1977-6354D. Campana7https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1504-9707G. Castellini8https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0177-0643P. Cipollone9https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3903-290XS. Coli10https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7470-4463L. Conti11https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2966-2000A. Contin12https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2535-5700M. Cristoforetti13https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0127-1342G. D’Angelo14C. De Donato15https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9725-1281C. De Santis16https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7280-2446A. Di Luca17F. M. Follega18https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2317-9560G. Gebbia19https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7252-7416R. Iuppa20https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5038-2762A. Lega21M. Lolli22N. Marcelli23https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9375-735XG. Masciantonio24https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8911-1561M. Mergè25https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2018-4236M. Mese26C. Neubüser27https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2008-8404F. Nozzoli28https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4355-7947A. Oliva29https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6612-6170G. Osteria30https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9871-8103L. Pacini31https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6808-9396F. Palma32https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7076-8830F. Palmonari33https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3707-0013B. Panico34https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1063-6961A. Parmentier35https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9073-3288S. Perciballi36F. Perfetto37https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8119-5046P. Picozza38https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7986-3321M. Pozzato39https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0279-5436G. M. Rebustini40https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8587-592XE. Ricci41https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4222-9976M. Ricci42https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6816-4894S. B. Ricciarini43https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6176-3368U. Savino44https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1884-2444Z. Sahnoun45https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1176-2003V. Scotti46https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8868-3990A. Sotgiu47https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8835-2796R. Sparvoli48https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6314-6117P. Ubertini49https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0601-0261V. Vilona50https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9893-9419V. Vitale51https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8040-7852S. Zoffoli52P. Zuccon53https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6132-754XO. P. M. Aslam54https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9521-3874M. D. Ngobeni55https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5844-3419M. S. Potgieter56https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0793-7333INFN-Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata,” Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1 , I-00133 Roma, Italy ; matteo.martucci@roma2.infn.itINFN-Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata,” Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1 , I-00133 Roma, Italy ; matteo.martucci@roma2.infn.itINFN-Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata,” Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1 , I-00133 Roma, Italy ; matteo.martucci@roma2.infn.itINFN-Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata,” Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1 , I-00133 Roma, Italy ; matteo.martucci@roma2.infn.itINFN-TIFPA , V. Sommarive 14, I-38123 Povo (Trento), Italy; University of Trento , V. Sommarive 14, I-38123 Povo (Trento), ItalyINFN-Sezione di Torino , Via P. Giuria 1, I-10125 Torino, Italy; University of Torino , Via P. Giuria 1, I-10125 Torino, ItalyINFN-TIFPA , V. Sommarive 14, I-38123 Povo (Trento), ItalyINFN-Sezione di Napoli , V. Cintia, I-80126, Napoli, ItalyIFAC-CNR , V. Madonna del Piano, 10, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), ItalyINFN-Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata,” Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1 , I-00133 Roma, Italy ; matteo.martucci@roma2.infn.itINFN-Sezione di Torino , Via P. Giuria 1, I-10125 Torino, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata,” Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1 , I-00133 Roma, Italy ; matteo.martucci@roma2.infn.it; Uninettuno University , C.so V. Emanuele II, 39, I-00186, Roma, ItalyUniversity of Bologna , V.le Berti Pichat 6/2, Bologna, Italy; INFN-Sezione di Bologna , V.le Berti Pichat 6/2, Bologna, ItalyINFN-TIFPA , V. Sommarive 14, I-38123 Povo (Trento), Italy; Fondazione Bruno Kessler , V. Sommarive 18, I-38123 Povo (Trento), ItalyINAF-IAPS , V. Fosso del Cavaliere 100, I-00133, Roma, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata,” Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1 , I-00133 Roma, Italy ; matteo.martucci@roma2.infn.itINFN-Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata,” Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1 , I-00133 Roma, Italy ; matteo.martucci@roma2.infn.itINFN-TIFPA , V. Sommarive 14, I-38123 Povo (Trento), Italy; Fondazione Bruno Kessler , V. Sommarive 18, I-38123 Povo (Trento), ItalyINFN-TIFPA , V. Sommarive 14, I-38123 Povo (Trento), Italy; University of Trento , V. Sommarive 14, I-38123 Povo (Trento), ItalyINFN-TIFPA , V. Sommarive 14, I-38123 Povo (Trento), Italy; University of Trento , V. Sommarive 14, I-38123 Povo (Trento), ItalyINFN-TIFPA , V. Sommarive 14, I-38123 Povo (Trento), Italy; University of Trento , V. Sommarive 14, I-38123 Povo (Trento), ItalyINFN-TIFPA , V. Sommarive 14, I-38123 Povo (Trento), Italy; University of Trento , V. Sommarive 14, I-38123 Povo (Trento), ItalyINFN-Sezione di Bologna , V.le Berti Pichat 6/2, Bologna, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Trieste , Galleria Padriciano, 99, I-34149 Trieste, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata,” Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1 , I-00133 Roma, Italy ; matteo.martucci@roma2.infn.itINFN-Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata,” Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1 , I-00133 Roma, Italy ; matteo.martucci@roma2.infn.it; Italian Space Agency , V. del Politecnico, I-00133 Roma, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Napoli , V. Cintia, I-80126, Napoli, Italy; University of Napoli “Federico II,” V. Cintia, I-80126, Napoli, ItalyINFN-TIFPA , V. Sommarive 14, I-38123 Povo (Trento), ItalyINFN-TIFPA , V. Sommarive 14, I-38123 Povo (Trento), ItalyUniversity of Bologna , V.le Berti Pichat 6/2, Bologna, Italy; INFN-Sezione di Bologna , V.le Berti Pichat 6/2, Bologna, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Napoli , V. Cintia, I-80126, Napoli, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Firenze , V. Sansone 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), ItalyINFN-Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata,” Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1 , I-00133 Roma, Italy ; matteo.martucci@roma2.infn.itUniversity of Bologna , V.le Berti Pichat 6/2, Bologna, Italy; INFN-Sezione di Bologna , V.le Berti Pichat 6/2, Bologna, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Napoli , V. Cintia, I-80126, Napoli, Italy; University of Napoli “Federico II,” V. Cintia, I-80126, Napoli, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata,” Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1 , I-00133 Roma, Italy ; matteo.martucci@roma2.infn.it; INAF-IAPS , V. Fosso del Cavaliere 100, I-00133, Roma, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Torino , Via P. Giuria 1, I-10125 Torino, Italy; University of Torino , Via P. Giuria 1, I-10125 Torino, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Napoli , I-80126, Napoli, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata,” Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1 , I-00133 Roma, Italy ; matteo.martucci@roma2.infn.it; University of Roma “Tor Vergata,” Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, I-00133 Roma, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Bologna , V.le Berti Pichat 6/2, Bologna, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata,” Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1 , I-00133 Roma, Italy ; matteo.martucci@roma2.infn.it; University of Roma “Tor Vergata,” Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, I-00133 Roma, ItalyINFN-TIFPA , V. Sommarive 14, I-38123 Povo (Trento), Italy; University of Trento , V. Sommarive 14, I-38123 Povo (Trento), ItalyINFN-LNF , V. E. Fermi, 54, I-00044 Frascati (Roma), ItalyIFAC-CNR , V. Madonna del Piano, 10, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), ItalyINFN-Sezione di Torino , Via P. Giuria 1, I-10125 Torino, Italy; University of Torino , Via P. Giuria 1, I-10125 Torino, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Bologna , V.le Berti Pichat 6/2, Bologna, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Napoli , V. Cintia, I-80126, Napoli, Italy; University of Napoli “Federico II,” V. Cintia, I-80126, Napoli, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata,” Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1 , I-00133 Roma, Italy ; matteo.martucci@roma2.infn.itINFN-Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata,” Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1 , I-00133 Roma, Italy ; matteo.martucci@roma2.infn.it; University of Roma “Tor Vergata,” Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, I-00133 Roma, ItalyINAF-IAPS , V. Fosso del Cavaliere 100, I-00133, Roma, ItalyINFN-TIFPA , V. Sommarive 14, I-38123 Povo (Trento), ItalyINFN-Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata,” Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1 , I-00133 Roma, Italy ; matteo.martucci@roma2.infn.itItalian Space Agency , V. del Politecnico, I-00133 Roma, ItalyINFN-TIFPA , V. Sommarive 14, I-38123 Povo (Trento), Italy; University of Trento , V. Sommarive 14, I-38123 Povo (Trento), ItalyShandong Institute of Advanced Technology (SDIAT) , 250100 Jinan, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of ChinaCentre for Space Research, North-West University , 2520 Potchefstroom, South AfricaShandong Institute of Advanced Technology (SDIAT) , 250100 Jinan, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China; Institute for Experimental and Applied Physics, Christian-Albrechts University in Kiel , D-24118 Kiel, GermanyTime-dependent energy spectra of galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) carry crucial information regarding their origin and propagation throughout the interstellar environment. When observed at the Earth, after traversing the interplanetary medium, such spectra are heavily affected by the solar wind and the embedded solar magnetic field permeating the inner sectors of the heliosphere. The activity of the Sun changes significantly over an 11 yr solar cycle—and so does the effect on cosmic particles; this translates into a phenomenon called solar modulation. Moreover, GCR spectra during different epochs of solar activity provide invaluable information for a complete understanding of the plethora of mechanisms taking place in various layers of the Sun’s atmosphere and how they evolve over time. The High-Energy Particle Detector (HEPD-01) has been continuously collecting data since 2018 August, during the quiet phase between solar cycles 24 and 25; the activity of the Sun is slowly but steadily rising and is expected to peak around 2025/2026. In this paper, we present the first spectra for ∼50–250 MeV galactic protons measured by the HEPD-01 instrument—placed on board the CSES-01 satellite—from 2018 August to 2022 March over a one-Carrington-rotation time basis. Such data are compared to the ones from other spaceborne experiments, present (e.g., EPHIN, Parker Solar Probe) and past (PAMELA), and to a state-of-the-art three-dimensional model describing the GCRs propagation through the heliosphere.https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/acbea7Active sunHeliosphereGalactic cosmic rays |
| spellingShingle | M. Martucci R. Ammendola D. Badoni S. Bartocci R. Battiston S. Beolè W. J. Burger D. Campana G. Castellini P. Cipollone S. Coli L. Conti A. Contin M. Cristoforetti G. D’Angelo C. De Donato C. De Santis A. Di Luca F. M. Follega G. Gebbia R. Iuppa A. Lega M. Lolli N. Marcelli G. Masciantonio M. Mergè M. Mese C. Neubüser F. Nozzoli A. Oliva G. Osteria L. Pacini F. Palma F. Palmonari B. Panico A. Parmentier S. Perciballi F. Perfetto P. Picozza M. Pozzato G. M. Rebustini E. Ricci M. Ricci S. B. Ricciarini U. Savino Z. Sahnoun V. Scotti A. Sotgiu R. Sparvoli P. Ubertini V. Vilona V. Vitale S. Zoffoli P. Zuccon O. P. M. Aslam M. D. Ngobeni M. S. Potgieter Time Dependence of 50–250 MeV Galactic Cosmic-Ray Protons between Solar Cycles 24 and 25, Measured by the High-energy Particle Detector on board the CSES-01 Satellite The Astrophysical Journal Letters Active sun Heliosphere Galactic cosmic rays |
| title | Time Dependence of 50–250 MeV Galactic Cosmic-Ray Protons between Solar Cycles 24 and 25, Measured by the High-energy Particle Detector on board the CSES-01 Satellite |
| title_full | Time Dependence of 50–250 MeV Galactic Cosmic-Ray Protons between Solar Cycles 24 and 25, Measured by the High-energy Particle Detector on board the CSES-01 Satellite |
| title_fullStr | Time Dependence of 50–250 MeV Galactic Cosmic-Ray Protons between Solar Cycles 24 and 25, Measured by the High-energy Particle Detector on board the CSES-01 Satellite |
| title_full_unstemmed | Time Dependence of 50–250 MeV Galactic Cosmic-Ray Protons between Solar Cycles 24 and 25, Measured by the High-energy Particle Detector on board the CSES-01 Satellite |
| title_short | Time Dependence of 50–250 MeV Galactic Cosmic-Ray Protons between Solar Cycles 24 and 25, Measured by the High-energy Particle Detector on board the CSES-01 Satellite |
| title_sort | time dependence of 50 250 mev galactic cosmic ray protons between solar cycles 24 and 25 measured by the high energy particle detector on board the cses 01 satellite |
| topic | Active sun Heliosphere Galactic cosmic rays |
| url | https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/acbea7 |
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timedependenceof50250mevgalacticcosmicrayprotonsbetweensolarcycles24and25measuredbythehighenergyparticledetectoronboardthecses01satellite AT lpacini timedependenceof50250mevgalacticcosmicrayprotonsbetweensolarcycles24and25measuredbythehighenergyparticledetectoronboardthecses01satellite AT fpalma timedependenceof50250mevgalacticcosmicrayprotonsbetweensolarcycles24and25measuredbythehighenergyparticledetectoronboardthecses01satellite AT fpalmonari timedependenceof50250mevgalacticcosmicrayprotonsbetweensolarcycles24and25measuredbythehighenergyparticledetectoronboardthecses01satellite AT bpanico timedependenceof50250mevgalacticcosmicrayprotonsbetweensolarcycles24and25measuredbythehighenergyparticledetectoronboardthecses01satellite AT aparmentier timedependenceof50250mevgalacticcosmicrayprotonsbetweensolarcycles24and25measuredbythehighenergyparticledetectoronboardthecses01satellite AT sperciballi timedependenceof50250mevgalacticcosmicrayprotonsbetweensolarcycles24and25measuredbythehighenergyparticledetectoronboardthecses01satellite AT fperfetto timedependenceof50250mevgalacticcosmicrayprotonsbetweensolarcycles24and25measuredbythehighenergyparticledetectoronboardthecses01satellite AT ppicozza timedependenceof50250mevgalacticcosmicrayprotonsbetweensolarcycles24and25measuredbythehighenergyparticledetectoronboardthecses01satellite AT mpozzato timedependenceof50250mevgalacticcosmicrayprotonsbetweensolarcycles24and25measuredbythehighenergyparticledetectoronboardthecses01satellite AT gmrebustini timedependenceof50250mevgalacticcosmicrayprotonsbetweensolarcycles24and25measuredbythehighenergyparticledetectoronboardthecses01satellite AT ericci timedependenceof50250mevgalacticcosmicrayprotonsbetweensolarcycles24and25measuredbythehighenergyparticledetectoronboardthecses01satellite AT mricci timedependenceof50250mevgalacticcosmicrayprotonsbetweensolarcycles24and25measuredbythehighenergyparticledetectoronboardthecses01satellite AT sbricciarini timedependenceof50250mevgalacticcosmicrayprotonsbetweensolarcycles24and25measuredbythehighenergyparticledetectoronboardthecses01satellite AT usavino timedependenceof50250mevgalacticcosmicrayprotonsbetweensolarcycles24and25measuredbythehighenergyparticledetectoronboardthecses01satellite AT zsahnoun timedependenceof50250mevgalacticcosmicrayprotonsbetweensolarcycles24and25measuredbythehighenergyparticledetectoronboardthecses01satellite AT vscotti timedependenceof50250mevgalacticcosmicrayprotonsbetweensolarcycles24and25measuredbythehighenergyparticledetectoronboardthecses01satellite AT asotgiu timedependenceof50250mevgalacticcosmicrayprotonsbetweensolarcycles24and25measuredbythehighenergyparticledetectoronboardthecses01satellite AT rsparvoli timedependenceof50250mevgalacticcosmicrayprotonsbetweensolarcycles24and25measuredbythehighenergyparticledetectoronboardthecses01satellite AT pubertini timedependenceof50250mevgalacticcosmicrayprotonsbetweensolarcycles24and25measuredbythehighenergyparticledetectoronboardthecses01satellite AT vvilona timedependenceof50250mevgalacticcosmicrayprotonsbetweensolarcycles24and25measuredbythehighenergyparticledetectoronboardthecses01satellite AT vvitale timedependenceof50250mevgalacticcosmicrayprotonsbetweensolarcycles24and25measuredbythehighenergyparticledetectoronboardthecses01satellite AT szoffoli timedependenceof50250mevgalacticcosmicrayprotonsbetweensolarcycles24and25measuredbythehighenergyparticledetectoronboardthecses01satellite AT pzuccon timedependenceof50250mevgalacticcosmicrayprotonsbetweensolarcycles24and25measuredbythehighenergyparticledetectoronboardthecses01satellite AT opmaslam timedependenceof50250mevgalacticcosmicrayprotonsbetweensolarcycles24and25measuredbythehighenergyparticledetectoronboardthecses01satellite AT mdngobeni timedependenceof50250mevgalacticcosmicrayprotonsbetweensolarcycles24and25measuredbythehighenergyparticledetectoronboardthecses01satellite AT mspotgieter timedependenceof50250mevgalacticcosmicrayprotonsbetweensolarcycles24and25measuredbythehighenergyparticledetectoronboardthecses01satellite |