The Safety and Efficacy of <i>Citrus aurantium</i> (Bitter Orange) Extracts and <i>p</i>-Synephrine: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Synephrine has been used to promote weight loss; however, its safety and efficacy have not been fully established. The goals of our study were to give an overview of the safety and efficacy of <i>p</i>-synephrine, to systematically evaluate its efficacy regarding weight loss and to asses...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-09-01
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| Series: | Nutrients |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/14/19/4019 |
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| author | Dorottya Koncz Barbara Tóth Muh. Akbar Bahar Orsolya Roza Dezső Csupor |
| author_facet | Dorottya Koncz Barbara Tóth Muh. Akbar Bahar Orsolya Roza Dezső Csupor |
| author_sort | Dorottya Koncz |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Synephrine has been used to promote weight loss; however, its safety and efficacy have not been fully established. The goals of our study were to give an overview of the safety and efficacy of <i>p</i>-synephrine, to systematically evaluate its efficacy regarding weight loss and to assess its safety, focusing on its cardiovascular side effects in a meta-analysis. PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science and Embase were searched for relevant studies. Only placebo-controlled, human clinical trials with synephrine intervention were included in the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis was reported according to the PRISMA guidelines using the PICOS format and taking into account the CONSORT recommendations. Altogether, 18 articles were included in the meta-analysis. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) increased significantly after prolonged use (6.37 mmHg, 95% CI: 1.02–11.72, <i>p</i> = 0.02 and 4.33 mmHg, 95% CI: 0.48–8.18, <i>p</i> = 0.03, respectively). The weight loss in the synephrine group was non-significant after prolonged treatment, and it did not influence body composition parameters. Based on the analyzed clinical studies, synephrine tends to raise blood pressure and heart rate, and there is no evidence that synephrine can facilitate weight loss. Further studies are needed to confirm evidence of its safety and efficacy. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T21:20:09Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-b8ff1f204d574d6c8fd800f13bf19504 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6643 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T21:20:09Z |
| publishDate | 2022-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Nutrients |
| spelling | doaj.art-b8ff1f204d574d6c8fd800f13bf195042023-11-23T21:24:12ZengMDPI AGNutrients2072-66432022-09-011419401910.3390/nu14194019The Safety and Efficacy of <i>Citrus aurantium</i> (Bitter Orange) Extracts and <i>p</i>-Synephrine: A Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisDorottya Koncz0Barbara Tóth1Muh. Akbar Bahar2Orsolya Roza3Dezső Csupor4Institute of Pharmacognosy, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, HungaryInstitute of Pharmacognosy, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, HungaryInstitute of Pharmacognosy, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, HungaryInstitute of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, HungaryInstitute of Pharmacognosy, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, HungarySynephrine has been used to promote weight loss; however, its safety and efficacy have not been fully established. The goals of our study were to give an overview of the safety and efficacy of <i>p</i>-synephrine, to systematically evaluate its efficacy regarding weight loss and to assess its safety, focusing on its cardiovascular side effects in a meta-analysis. PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science and Embase were searched for relevant studies. Only placebo-controlled, human clinical trials with synephrine intervention were included in the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis was reported according to the PRISMA guidelines using the PICOS format and taking into account the CONSORT recommendations. Altogether, 18 articles were included in the meta-analysis. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) increased significantly after prolonged use (6.37 mmHg, 95% CI: 1.02–11.72, <i>p</i> = 0.02 and 4.33 mmHg, 95% CI: 0.48–8.18, <i>p</i> = 0.03, respectively). The weight loss in the synephrine group was non-significant after prolonged treatment, and it did not influence body composition parameters. Based on the analyzed clinical studies, synephrine tends to raise blood pressure and heart rate, and there is no evidence that synephrine can facilitate weight loss. Further studies are needed to confirm evidence of its safety and efficacy.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/14/19/4019<i>p</i>-synephrinemeta-analysisobesityfood supplementsweight loss |
| spellingShingle | Dorottya Koncz Barbara Tóth Muh. Akbar Bahar Orsolya Roza Dezső Csupor The Safety and Efficacy of <i>Citrus aurantium</i> (Bitter Orange) Extracts and <i>p</i>-Synephrine: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Nutrients <i>p</i>-synephrine meta-analysis obesity food supplements weight loss |
| title | The Safety and Efficacy of <i>Citrus aurantium</i> (Bitter Orange) Extracts and <i>p</i>-Synephrine: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |
| title_full | The Safety and Efficacy of <i>Citrus aurantium</i> (Bitter Orange) Extracts and <i>p</i>-Synephrine: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |
| title_fullStr | The Safety and Efficacy of <i>Citrus aurantium</i> (Bitter Orange) Extracts and <i>p</i>-Synephrine: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Safety and Efficacy of <i>Citrus aurantium</i> (Bitter Orange) Extracts and <i>p</i>-Synephrine: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |
| title_short | The Safety and Efficacy of <i>Citrus aurantium</i> (Bitter Orange) Extracts and <i>p</i>-Synephrine: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |
| title_sort | safety and efficacy of i citrus aurantium i bitter orange extracts and i p i synephrine a systematic review and meta analysis |
| topic | <i>p</i>-synephrine meta-analysis obesity food supplements weight loss |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/14/19/4019 |
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