Facile Synthesis, Static, and Dynamic Magnetic Characteristics of Varying Size Double-Surfactant-Coated Mesoscopic Magnetic Nanoparticles Dispersed Stable Aqueous Magnetic Fluids
The present work reports the synthesis of a stable aqueous magnetic fluid (AMF) by dispersing double-surfactant-coated Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) in water using a facile ambient scalable wet chemical route. MNPs do not disperse well in water, re...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2021-11-01
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| Series: | Nanomaterials |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/11/11/3009 |
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| author | Saurabh Pathak Rajni Verma Prashant Kumar Arjun Singh Sakshi Singhal Pragati Sharma Komal Jain Rajendra Prasad Pant Xu Wang |
| author_facet | Saurabh Pathak Rajni Verma Prashant Kumar Arjun Singh Sakshi Singhal Pragati Sharma Komal Jain Rajendra Prasad Pant Xu Wang |
| author_sort | Saurabh Pathak |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The present work reports the synthesis of a stable aqueous magnetic fluid (AMF) by dispersing double-surfactant-coated Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) in water using a facile ambient scalable wet chemical route. MNPs do not disperse well in water, resulting in low stability. This was improved by dispersing double-surfactant (oleic acid and sodium oleate)-coated MNPs in water, where cross-linking between the surfactants improves the stability of the AMFs. The stability was probed by rheological measurements and all the AMF samples showed a good long-term stability and stability against a gradient magnetic field. Further, the microwave spin resonance behavior of AMFs was studied in detail by corroborating the experimental results obtained from the ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) technique to theoretical predictions by appropriate fittings. A broad spectrum was perceived for AMFs which indicates strong ferromagnetic characteristics. The resonance field shifted to higher magnetic field values with the decrease in particle size as larger-size MNPs magnetize and demagnetize more easily since their magnetic spins can align in the field direction more definitely. The FMR spectra was fitted to obtain various spin resonance parameters. The asymmetric shapes of the FMR spectra were observed with a decrease in particle sizes, which indicates an increase in relaxation time. The relaxation time increased with a decrease in particle sizes (sample A to D) from 37.2779 ps to 42.8301 ps. Further, a detailed investigation of the structural, morphological, and dc magnetic properties of the AMF samples was performed. Room temperature dc magnetic measurements confirmed the superparamagnetic (SPM) characteristics of the AMF and the <i>M</i>-<i>H</i> plot for each sample was fitted with a Langevin function to obtain the domain magnetization, permeability, and hydrodynamic diameter of the MNPs. The saturation magnetization and coercivity of the AMF samples increased with the increase in dispersed MNPs’ size of the samples. The improvement in the stability and magnetic characteristics makes AMFs suitable candidates for various biomedical applications such as drug delivery, magnetic fluid hyperthermia, and biomedicines. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T05:13:11Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-b9472faf6ff34e63868ae4738f07c10e |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2079-4991 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T05:13:11Z |
| publishDate | 2021-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Nanomaterials |
| spelling | doaj.art-b9472faf6ff34e63868ae4738f07c10e2023-11-23T00:41:46ZengMDPI AGNanomaterials2079-49912021-11-011111300910.3390/nano11113009Facile Synthesis, Static, and Dynamic Magnetic Characteristics of Varying Size Double-Surfactant-Coated Mesoscopic Magnetic Nanoparticles Dispersed Stable Aqueous Magnetic FluidsSaurabh Pathak0Rajni Verma1Prashant Kumar2Arjun Singh3Sakshi Singhal4Pragati Sharma5Komal Jain6Rajendra Prasad Pant7Xu Wang8Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, AustraliaSchool of Physics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, AustraliaSchool of Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, AustraliaAcademy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-NPL Campus, New Delhi 110012, IndiaInstitute of Nuclear Medicine & Allied Sciences, DRDO, Brig SK Mazumdar Road, Delhi 110054, IndiaSchool of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, AustraliaAcademy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-NPL Campus, New Delhi 110012, IndiaAcademy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-NPL Campus, New Delhi 110012, IndiaSchool of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, AustraliaThe present work reports the synthesis of a stable aqueous magnetic fluid (AMF) by dispersing double-surfactant-coated Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) in water using a facile ambient scalable wet chemical route. MNPs do not disperse well in water, resulting in low stability. This was improved by dispersing double-surfactant (oleic acid and sodium oleate)-coated MNPs in water, where cross-linking between the surfactants improves the stability of the AMFs. The stability was probed by rheological measurements and all the AMF samples showed a good long-term stability and stability against a gradient magnetic field. Further, the microwave spin resonance behavior of AMFs was studied in detail by corroborating the experimental results obtained from the ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) technique to theoretical predictions by appropriate fittings. A broad spectrum was perceived for AMFs which indicates strong ferromagnetic characteristics. The resonance field shifted to higher magnetic field values with the decrease in particle size as larger-size MNPs magnetize and demagnetize more easily since their magnetic spins can align in the field direction more definitely. The FMR spectra was fitted to obtain various spin resonance parameters. The asymmetric shapes of the FMR spectra were observed with a decrease in particle sizes, which indicates an increase in relaxation time. The relaxation time increased with a decrease in particle sizes (sample A to D) from 37.2779 ps to 42.8301 ps. Further, a detailed investigation of the structural, morphological, and dc magnetic properties of the AMF samples was performed. Room temperature dc magnetic measurements confirmed the superparamagnetic (SPM) characteristics of the AMF and the <i>M</i>-<i>H</i> plot for each sample was fitted with a Langevin function to obtain the domain magnetization, permeability, and hydrodynamic diameter of the MNPs. The saturation magnetization and coercivity of the AMF samples increased with the increase in dispersed MNPs’ size of the samples. The improvement in the stability and magnetic characteristics makes AMFs suitable candidates for various biomedical applications such as drug delivery, magnetic fluid hyperthermia, and biomedicines.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/11/11/3009ferromagnetic resonancemagnetic nanoparticlesFe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>spin dynamicsLangevin fitting |
| spellingShingle | Saurabh Pathak Rajni Verma Prashant Kumar Arjun Singh Sakshi Singhal Pragati Sharma Komal Jain Rajendra Prasad Pant Xu Wang Facile Synthesis, Static, and Dynamic Magnetic Characteristics of Varying Size Double-Surfactant-Coated Mesoscopic Magnetic Nanoparticles Dispersed Stable Aqueous Magnetic Fluids Nanomaterials ferromagnetic resonance magnetic nanoparticles Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> spin dynamics Langevin fitting |
| title | Facile Synthesis, Static, and Dynamic Magnetic Characteristics of Varying Size Double-Surfactant-Coated Mesoscopic Magnetic Nanoparticles Dispersed Stable Aqueous Magnetic Fluids |
| title_full | Facile Synthesis, Static, and Dynamic Magnetic Characteristics of Varying Size Double-Surfactant-Coated Mesoscopic Magnetic Nanoparticles Dispersed Stable Aqueous Magnetic Fluids |
| title_fullStr | Facile Synthesis, Static, and Dynamic Magnetic Characteristics of Varying Size Double-Surfactant-Coated Mesoscopic Magnetic Nanoparticles Dispersed Stable Aqueous Magnetic Fluids |
| title_full_unstemmed | Facile Synthesis, Static, and Dynamic Magnetic Characteristics of Varying Size Double-Surfactant-Coated Mesoscopic Magnetic Nanoparticles Dispersed Stable Aqueous Magnetic Fluids |
| title_short | Facile Synthesis, Static, and Dynamic Magnetic Characteristics of Varying Size Double-Surfactant-Coated Mesoscopic Magnetic Nanoparticles Dispersed Stable Aqueous Magnetic Fluids |
| title_sort | facile synthesis static and dynamic magnetic characteristics of varying size double surfactant coated mesoscopic magnetic nanoparticles dispersed stable aqueous magnetic fluids |
| topic | ferromagnetic resonance magnetic nanoparticles Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> spin dynamics Langevin fitting |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/11/11/3009 |
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