Biofilm and Small Colony Variants—An Update on <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Strategies toward Drug Resistance
Recently, the drawbacks arising from the overuse of antibiotics have drawn growing public attention. Among them, drug-resistance (DR) and even multidrug-resistance (MDR) pose significant challenges in clinical practice. As a representative of a DR or MDR pathogen, <i>Staphylococcus aureus</...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-01-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/3/1241 |
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| author | Henan Guo Yucui Tong Junhao Cheng Zaheer Abbas Zhongxuan Li Junyong Wang Yichen Zhou Dayong Si Rijun Zhang |
| author_facet | Henan Guo Yucui Tong Junhao Cheng Zaheer Abbas Zhongxuan Li Junyong Wang Yichen Zhou Dayong Si Rijun Zhang |
| author_sort | Henan Guo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Recently, the drawbacks arising from the overuse of antibiotics have drawn growing public attention. Among them, drug-resistance (DR) and even multidrug-resistance (MDR) pose significant challenges in clinical practice. As a representative of a DR or MDR pathogen, <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> can cause diversity of infections related to different organs, and can survive or adapt to the diverse hostile environments by switching into other phenotypes, including biofilm and small colony variants (SCVs), with altered physiologic or metabolic characteristics. In this review, we briefly describe the development of the DR/MDR as well as the classical mechanisms (accumulation of the resistant genes). Moreover, we use multidimensional scaling analysis to evaluate the MDR relevant hotspots in the recent published reports. Furthermore, we mainly focus on the possible non-classical resistance mechanisms triggered by the two important alternative phenotypes of the <i>S. aureus</i>, biofilm and SCVs, which are fundamentally caused by the different global regulation of the <i>S. aureus</i> population, such as the main quorum-sensing (QS) and agr system and its coordinated regulated factors, such as the SarA family proteins and the alternative sigma factor σB (SigB). Both the biofilm and the SCVs are able to escape from the host immune response, and resist the therapeutic effects of antibiotics through the physical or the biological barriers, and become less sensitive to some antibiotics by the dormant state with the limited metabolisms. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T23:49:55Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-b962d7acbb9e413c944f6e08c42d6d2b |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T23:49:55Z |
| publishDate | 2022-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-b962d7acbb9e413c944f6e08c42d6d2b2023-11-23T16:37:14ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672022-01-01233124110.3390/ijms23031241Biofilm and Small Colony Variants—An Update on <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Strategies toward Drug ResistanceHenan Guo0Yucui Tong1Junhao Cheng2Zaheer Abbas3Zhongxuan Li4Junyong Wang5Yichen Zhou6Dayong Si7Rijun Zhang8Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, ChinaLaboratory of Feed Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, ChinaLaboratory of Feed Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, ChinaLaboratory of Feed Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, ChinaLaboratory of Feed Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, ChinaLaboratory of Feed Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, ChinaLaboratory of Feed Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, ChinaLaboratory of Feed Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, ChinaLaboratory of Feed Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, ChinaRecently, the drawbacks arising from the overuse of antibiotics have drawn growing public attention. Among them, drug-resistance (DR) and even multidrug-resistance (MDR) pose significant challenges in clinical practice. As a representative of a DR or MDR pathogen, <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> can cause diversity of infections related to different organs, and can survive or adapt to the diverse hostile environments by switching into other phenotypes, including biofilm and small colony variants (SCVs), with altered physiologic or metabolic characteristics. In this review, we briefly describe the development of the DR/MDR as well as the classical mechanisms (accumulation of the resistant genes). Moreover, we use multidimensional scaling analysis to evaluate the MDR relevant hotspots in the recent published reports. Furthermore, we mainly focus on the possible non-classical resistance mechanisms triggered by the two important alternative phenotypes of the <i>S. aureus</i>, biofilm and SCVs, which are fundamentally caused by the different global regulation of the <i>S. aureus</i> population, such as the main quorum-sensing (QS) and agr system and its coordinated regulated factors, such as the SarA family proteins and the alternative sigma factor σB (SigB). Both the biofilm and the SCVs are able to escape from the host immune response, and resist the therapeutic effects of antibiotics through the physical or the biological barriers, and become less sensitive to some antibiotics by the dormant state with the limited metabolisms.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/3/1241drug-resistancemultidrug-resistance<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>biofilmsmall colony variantsglobal regulation |
| spellingShingle | Henan Guo Yucui Tong Junhao Cheng Zaheer Abbas Zhongxuan Li Junyong Wang Yichen Zhou Dayong Si Rijun Zhang Biofilm and Small Colony Variants—An Update on <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Strategies toward Drug Resistance International Journal of Molecular Sciences drug-resistance multidrug-resistance <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> biofilm small colony variants global regulation |
| title | Biofilm and Small Colony Variants—An Update on <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Strategies toward Drug Resistance |
| title_full | Biofilm and Small Colony Variants—An Update on <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Strategies toward Drug Resistance |
| title_fullStr | Biofilm and Small Colony Variants—An Update on <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Strategies toward Drug Resistance |
| title_full_unstemmed | Biofilm and Small Colony Variants—An Update on <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Strategies toward Drug Resistance |
| title_short | Biofilm and Small Colony Variants—An Update on <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Strategies toward Drug Resistance |
| title_sort | biofilm and small colony variants an update on i staphylococcus aureus i strategies toward drug resistance |
| topic | drug-resistance multidrug-resistance <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> biofilm small colony variants global regulation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/3/1241 |
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