Analysis of Genetic Diversity in Indian Isolates of <i>Rhipicephalus microplus</i> Based on <i>Bm86</i> Gene Sequence
The control of cattle tick, <i>Rhipicephalus microplus,</i> is focused on repeated use of acaricides. However, due to growing acaricide resistance and residues problem, immunization of animals along with limited use of effective acaricides is considered a suitable option for the control...
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MDPI AG
2021-02-01
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| Series: | Vaccines |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/9/3/194 |
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| author | Balasamudram Chandrasekhar Parthasarathi Binod Kumar Gaurav Nagar Haranahally Vasanthachar Manjunathachar José de la Fuente Srikant Ghosh |
| author_facet | Balasamudram Chandrasekhar Parthasarathi Binod Kumar Gaurav Nagar Haranahally Vasanthachar Manjunathachar José de la Fuente Srikant Ghosh |
| author_sort | Balasamudram Chandrasekhar Parthasarathi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The control of cattle tick, <i>Rhipicephalus microplus,</i> is focused on repeated use of acaricides. However, due to growing acaricide resistance and residues problem, immunization of animals along with limited use of effective acaricides is considered a suitable option for the control of tick infestations. To date, more than fifty vaccine candidates have been identified and tested worldwide, but two vaccines were developed using the extensively studied candidate, <i>Bm86</i>. The main reason for limited vaccine commercialization in other countries is genetic diversity in the <i>Bm86</i> gene leading to considerable variation in vaccine efficacy. India, with 193.46 million cattle population distributed in 28 states and 9 union territories, is suffering from multiple tick infestation dominated by <i>R. microplus</i>. As <i>R. microplus</i> has developed multi-acaricide resistance, an efficacious vaccine may provide a sustainable intervention for tick control. Preliminary experiments revealed that the presently available commercial vaccine based on the <i>BM86</i> gene is not efficacious against Indian strain. In concert with the principle of reverse vaccinology, genetic polymorphism of the <i>Bm86</i> gene within Indian isolates of <i>R. microplus</i> was studied. A 578 bp conserved nucleotide sequences of <i>Bm86</i> from 65 <i>R. microplus</i> isolates collected from 9 Indian states was sequenced and revealed 95.6–99.8% and 93.2–99.5% identity in nucleotides and amino acids sequences, respectively. The identities of nucleotides and deduced amino acids were 94.7–99.8% and 91.8–99.5%, respectively, between full-length sequence (orf) of the <i>Bm86</i> gene of IVRI-I strain and published sequences of vaccine strains. Six nucleotides deletion were observed in Indian <i>Bm86</i> sequences. Four B-cell epitopes (D519-K554, H563-Q587, C598-T606, T609-K623), which are present in the conserved region of the IVRI-I <i>Bm86</i> sequence, were selected. The results confirm that the use of available commercial <i>Bm86</i> vaccines is not a suitable option against Indian isolates of <i>R. microplus</i>. A country-specific multi-epitope <i>Bm86</i> vaccine consisting of four specific B-cell epitopes along with candidate molecules, subolesin and tropomyosin in chimeric/co-immunization format may provide a sustainable option for implementation in an integrated tick management system. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T00:31:46Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-b9695a9b92594d40947861804779b7a6 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-393X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T00:31:46Z |
| publishDate | 2021-02-01 |
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| record_format | Article |
| series | Vaccines |
| spelling | doaj.art-b9695a9b92594d40947861804779b7a62023-12-11T18:29:52ZengMDPI AGVaccines2076-393X2021-02-019319410.3390/vaccines9030194Analysis of Genetic Diversity in Indian Isolates of <i>Rhipicephalus microplus</i> Based on <i>Bm86</i> Gene SequenceBalasamudram Chandrasekhar Parthasarathi0Binod Kumar1Gaurav Nagar2Haranahally Vasanthachar Manjunathachar3José de la Fuente4Srikant Ghosh5Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, IndiaDepartment of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and AH, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh 362001, IndiaEntomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, IndiaICMR-National Institute of Research on Tribal Health, Nagpur Road, PO. Garha, Jabalpur 482003, IndiaSaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, SpainEntomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, IndiaThe control of cattle tick, <i>Rhipicephalus microplus,</i> is focused on repeated use of acaricides. However, due to growing acaricide resistance and residues problem, immunization of animals along with limited use of effective acaricides is considered a suitable option for the control of tick infestations. To date, more than fifty vaccine candidates have been identified and tested worldwide, but two vaccines were developed using the extensively studied candidate, <i>Bm86</i>. The main reason for limited vaccine commercialization in other countries is genetic diversity in the <i>Bm86</i> gene leading to considerable variation in vaccine efficacy. India, with 193.46 million cattle population distributed in 28 states and 9 union territories, is suffering from multiple tick infestation dominated by <i>R. microplus</i>. As <i>R. microplus</i> has developed multi-acaricide resistance, an efficacious vaccine may provide a sustainable intervention for tick control. Preliminary experiments revealed that the presently available commercial vaccine based on the <i>BM86</i> gene is not efficacious against Indian strain. In concert with the principle of reverse vaccinology, genetic polymorphism of the <i>Bm86</i> gene within Indian isolates of <i>R. microplus</i> was studied. A 578 bp conserved nucleotide sequences of <i>Bm86</i> from 65 <i>R. microplus</i> isolates collected from 9 Indian states was sequenced and revealed 95.6–99.8% and 93.2–99.5% identity in nucleotides and amino acids sequences, respectively. The identities of nucleotides and deduced amino acids were 94.7–99.8% and 91.8–99.5%, respectively, between full-length sequence (orf) of the <i>Bm86</i> gene of IVRI-I strain and published sequences of vaccine strains. Six nucleotides deletion were observed in Indian <i>Bm86</i> sequences. Four B-cell epitopes (D519-K554, H563-Q587, C598-T606, T609-K623), which are present in the conserved region of the IVRI-I <i>Bm86</i> sequence, were selected. The results confirm that the use of available commercial <i>Bm86</i> vaccines is not a suitable option against Indian isolates of <i>R. microplus</i>. A country-specific multi-epitope <i>Bm86</i> vaccine consisting of four specific B-cell epitopes along with candidate molecules, subolesin and tropomyosin in chimeric/co-immunization format may provide a sustainable option for implementation in an integrated tick management system.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/9/3/194tick<i>Rhipicephalus microplus</i><i>Bm86</i> genediversityin silico analysistick control |
| spellingShingle | Balasamudram Chandrasekhar Parthasarathi Binod Kumar Gaurav Nagar Haranahally Vasanthachar Manjunathachar José de la Fuente Srikant Ghosh Analysis of Genetic Diversity in Indian Isolates of <i>Rhipicephalus microplus</i> Based on <i>Bm86</i> Gene Sequence Vaccines tick <i>Rhipicephalus microplus</i> <i>Bm86</i> gene diversity in silico analysis tick control |
| title | Analysis of Genetic Diversity in Indian Isolates of <i>Rhipicephalus microplus</i> Based on <i>Bm86</i> Gene Sequence |
| title_full | Analysis of Genetic Diversity in Indian Isolates of <i>Rhipicephalus microplus</i> Based on <i>Bm86</i> Gene Sequence |
| title_fullStr | Analysis of Genetic Diversity in Indian Isolates of <i>Rhipicephalus microplus</i> Based on <i>Bm86</i> Gene Sequence |
| title_full_unstemmed | Analysis of Genetic Diversity in Indian Isolates of <i>Rhipicephalus microplus</i> Based on <i>Bm86</i> Gene Sequence |
| title_short | Analysis of Genetic Diversity in Indian Isolates of <i>Rhipicephalus microplus</i> Based on <i>Bm86</i> Gene Sequence |
| title_sort | analysis of genetic diversity in indian isolates of i rhipicephalus microplus i based on i bm86 i gene sequence |
| topic | tick <i>Rhipicephalus microplus</i> <i>Bm86</i> gene diversity in silico analysis tick control |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/9/3/194 |
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