SARS-CoV-2—Morphology, Transmission and Diagnosis during Pandemic, Review with Element of Meta-Analysis
The outbreak of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Thus far, the virus has killed over 2,782,112 people and infected over 126,842,694 in the world (state 27 March 2021), resulting in a pandemic for humans. Based on th...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-05-01
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| Series: | Journal of Clinical Medicine |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/9/1962 |
| _version_ | 1797535381867986944 |
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| author | Katarzyna Grudlewska-Buda Natalia Wiktorczyk-Kapischke Ewa Wałecka-Zacharska Joanna Kwiecińska-Piróg Katarzyna Buszko Kamil Leis Klaudia Juszczuk Eugenia Gospodarek-Komkowska Krzysztof Skowron |
| author_facet | Katarzyna Grudlewska-Buda Natalia Wiktorczyk-Kapischke Ewa Wałecka-Zacharska Joanna Kwiecińska-Piróg Katarzyna Buszko Kamil Leis Klaudia Juszczuk Eugenia Gospodarek-Komkowska Krzysztof Skowron |
| author_sort | Katarzyna Grudlewska-Buda |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The outbreak of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Thus far, the virus has killed over 2,782,112 people and infected over 126,842,694 in the world (state 27 March 2021), resulting in a pandemic for humans. Based on the present data, SARS-CoV-2 transmission from animals to humans cannot be excluded. If mutations allowing breaking of the species barrier and enhancing transmissibility occurred, next changes in the SARS-CoV-2 genome, leading to easier spreading and greater pathogenicity, could happen. The environment and saliva might play an important role in virus transmission. Therefore, there is a need for strict regimes in terms of personal hygiene, including hand washing and surface disinfection. The presence of viral RNA is not an equivalent of active viral infection. The positive result of the RT-PCR method may represent either viral residues or infectious virus particles. RNA-based tests should not be used in patients after the decline of disease symptoms to confirm convalescence. It has been proposed to use the test based on viral, sub-genomic mRNA, or serological methods to find the immune response to infection. Vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is still a little-known issue. In our review, we have prepared a meta-analysis of the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from mother to child depending on the type of delivery. Our study indicated that the transmission of the virus from mother to child is rare, and the infection rate is not higher in the case of natural childbirth, breastfeeding, or contact with the mother. We hope that this review and meta-analysis will help to systemize knowledge about SARS-CoV-2 with an emphasis on diagnostic implications and transmission routes, in particular, mother-to-child transmission. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T11:43:39Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-b97ce22a9fda44219dc4fd0165b0e468 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2077-0383 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T11:43:39Z |
| publishDate | 2021-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Clinical Medicine |
| spelling | doaj.art-b97ce22a9fda44219dc4fd0165b0e4682023-11-21T18:16:31ZengMDPI AGJournal of Clinical Medicine2077-03832021-05-01109196210.3390/jcm10091962SARS-CoV-2—Morphology, Transmission and Diagnosis during Pandemic, Review with Element of Meta-AnalysisKatarzyna Grudlewska-Buda0Natalia Wiktorczyk-Kapischke1Ewa Wałecka-Zacharska2Joanna Kwiecińska-Piróg3Katarzyna Buszko4Kamil Leis5Klaudia Juszczuk6Eugenia Gospodarek-Komkowska7Krzysztof Skowron8Department of Microbiology, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 87-094 Bydgoszcz, PolandDepartment of Microbiology, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 87-094 Bydgoszcz, PolandDepartment of Food Hygiene and Consumer Health, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wrocław, PolandDepartment of Microbiology, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 87-094 Bydgoszcz, PolandDepartment of Theoretical Foundations of Biomedical Science and Medical Informatics, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 87-067 Bydgoszcz, PolandFaculty of Medicile, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 87-067 Bydgoszcz, PolandClinic of General, Colorectal and Oncological Surgery, Dr. Jana Biziel University Hospital, No. 2 in Bydgoszcz, 75 Ujejskiego St., 85-168 Bydgoszcz, PolandDepartment of Microbiology, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 87-094 Bydgoszcz, PolandDepartment of Microbiology, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 87-094 Bydgoszcz, PolandThe outbreak of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Thus far, the virus has killed over 2,782,112 people and infected over 126,842,694 in the world (state 27 March 2021), resulting in a pandemic for humans. Based on the present data, SARS-CoV-2 transmission from animals to humans cannot be excluded. If mutations allowing breaking of the species barrier and enhancing transmissibility occurred, next changes in the SARS-CoV-2 genome, leading to easier spreading and greater pathogenicity, could happen. The environment and saliva might play an important role in virus transmission. Therefore, there is a need for strict regimes in terms of personal hygiene, including hand washing and surface disinfection. The presence of viral RNA is not an equivalent of active viral infection. The positive result of the RT-PCR method may represent either viral residues or infectious virus particles. RNA-based tests should not be used in patients after the decline of disease symptoms to confirm convalescence. It has been proposed to use the test based on viral, sub-genomic mRNA, or serological methods to find the immune response to infection. Vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is still a little-known issue. In our review, we have prepared a meta-analysis of the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from mother to child depending on the type of delivery. Our study indicated that the transmission of the virus from mother to child is rare, and the infection rate is not higher in the case of natural childbirth, breastfeeding, or contact with the mother. We hope that this review and meta-analysis will help to systemize knowledge about SARS-CoV-2 with an emphasis on diagnostic implications and transmission routes, in particular, mother-to-child transmission.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/9/1962SARS-CoV-2COVID-19pandemictransmission routelaboratory diagnosischildbirth |
| spellingShingle | Katarzyna Grudlewska-Buda Natalia Wiktorczyk-Kapischke Ewa Wałecka-Zacharska Joanna Kwiecińska-Piróg Katarzyna Buszko Kamil Leis Klaudia Juszczuk Eugenia Gospodarek-Komkowska Krzysztof Skowron SARS-CoV-2—Morphology, Transmission and Diagnosis during Pandemic, Review with Element of Meta-Analysis Journal of Clinical Medicine SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 pandemic transmission route laboratory diagnosis childbirth |
| title | SARS-CoV-2—Morphology, Transmission and Diagnosis during Pandemic, Review with Element of Meta-Analysis |
| title_full | SARS-CoV-2—Morphology, Transmission and Diagnosis during Pandemic, Review with Element of Meta-Analysis |
| title_fullStr | SARS-CoV-2—Morphology, Transmission and Diagnosis during Pandemic, Review with Element of Meta-Analysis |
| title_full_unstemmed | SARS-CoV-2—Morphology, Transmission and Diagnosis during Pandemic, Review with Element of Meta-Analysis |
| title_short | SARS-CoV-2—Morphology, Transmission and Diagnosis during Pandemic, Review with Element of Meta-Analysis |
| title_sort | sars cov 2 morphology transmission and diagnosis during pandemic review with element of meta analysis |
| topic | SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 pandemic transmission route laboratory diagnosis childbirth |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/9/1962 |
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