Among Early Appearing Non-Motor Signs of Parkinson’s Disease, Alteration of Olfaction but Not Electroencephalographic Spectrum Correlates with Motor Function
Olfactory decline is a frequent and early non-motor symptom in Parkinson’s disease (PD), which is increasingly used for diagnostic purposes. Another early appearing sign of PD consists in electroencephalographic (EEG) alterations. The combination of olfactory and EEG assessment may improve the ident...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2017-10-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Neurology |
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| Online Access: | http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fneur.2017.00545/full |
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| author | Vitalii V. Cozac Bianca Auschra Menorca Chaturvedi Menorca Chaturvedi Ute Gschwandtner Florian Hatz Antonia Meyer Antje Welge-Lüssen Peter Fuhr |
| author_facet | Vitalii V. Cozac Bianca Auschra Menorca Chaturvedi Menorca Chaturvedi Ute Gschwandtner Florian Hatz Antonia Meyer Antje Welge-Lüssen Peter Fuhr |
| author_sort | Vitalii V. Cozac |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Olfactory decline is a frequent and early non-motor symptom in Parkinson’s disease (PD), which is increasingly used for diagnostic purposes. Another early appearing sign of PD consists in electroencephalographic (EEG) alterations. The combination of olfactory and EEG assessment may improve the identification of patients with early stages of PD. We hypothesized that olfactory capacity would be correlated with EEG alterations and motor and cognitive impairment in PD patients. To the best of our knowledge, the mutual influence of both markers of PD—olfactory decrease and EEG changes—was not studied before. We assessed the function of odor identification using olfactory “Screening 12 Test” (“Sniffin’ Sticks®”), between two samples: patients with PD and healthy controls (HC). We analyzed correlations between the olfactory function and demographical parameters, Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS-III), cognitive task performance, and spectral alpha/theta ratio (α/θ). In addition, we used receiver operating characteristic-curve analysis to check the classification capacity (PD vs HC) of olfactory function, α/θ, and a combined marker (olfaction and α/θ). Olfactory capacity was significantly decreased in PD patients, and correlated with age, disease duration, UPDRS-III, and with items of UPDRS-III related to gait and axial rigidity. In HC, olfaction correlated with age only. No correlation with α/θ was identified in both samples. Combined marker showed the largest area under the curve. In addition to EEG, the assessment of olfactory function may be a useful tool in the early characterization and follow-up of PD. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-10T03:59:23Z |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-2295 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-10T03:59:23Z |
| publishDate | 2017-10-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Neurology |
| spelling | doaj.art-b9929aa461af441a82cfb9a61d4128c22022-12-22T02:03:02ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Neurology1664-22952017-10-01810.3389/fneur.2017.00545265623Among Early Appearing Non-Motor Signs of Parkinson’s Disease, Alteration of Olfaction but Not Electroencephalographic Spectrum Correlates with Motor FunctionVitalii V. Cozac0Bianca Auschra1Menorca Chaturvedi2Menorca Chaturvedi3Ute Gschwandtner4Florian Hatz5Antonia Meyer6Antje Welge-Lüssen7Peter Fuhr8Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, SwitzerlandDepartment of Neurology and Neurophysiology, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, SwitzerlandDepartment of Neurology and Neurophysiology, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, SwitzerlandDepartment of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Basel, Basel, SwitzerlandDepartment of Neurology and Neurophysiology, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, SwitzerlandDepartment of Neurology and Neurophysiology, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, SwitzerlandDepartment of Neurology and Neurophysiology, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, SwitzerlandDepartment of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, SwitzerlandDepartment of Neurology and Neurophysiology, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, SwitzerlandOlfactory decline is a frequent and early non-motor symptom in Parkinson’s disease (PD), which is increasingly used for diagnostic purposes. Another early appearing sign of PD consists in electroencephalographic (EEG) alterations. The combination of olfactory and EEG assessment may improve the identification of patients with early stages of PD. We hypothesized that olfactory capacity would be correlated with EEG alterations and motor and cognitive impairment in PD patients. To the best of our knowledge, the mutual influence of both markers of PD—olfactory decrease and EEG changes—was not studied before. We assessed the function of odor identification using olfactory “Screening 12 Test” (“Sniffin’ Sticks®”), between two samples: patients with PD and healthy controls (HC). We analyzed correlations between the olfactory function and demographical parameters, Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS-III), cognitive task performance, and spectral alpha/theta ratio (α/θ). In addition, we used receiver operating characteristic-curve analysis to check the classification capacity (PD vs HC) of olfactory function, α/θ, and a combined marker (olfaction and α/θ). Olfactory capacity was significantly decreased in PD patients, and correlated with age, disease duration, UPDRS-III, and with items of UPDRS-III related to gait and axial rigidity. In HC, olfaction correlated with age only. No correlation with α/θ was identified in both samples. Combined marker showed the largest area under the curve. In addition to EEG, the assessment of olfactory function may be a useful tool in the early characterization and follow-up of PD.http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fneur.2017.00545/fullolfactionsniffing testParkinson’s diseaseelectroencephalographicUnified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale-III |
| spellingShingle | Vitalii V. Cozac Bianca Auschra Menorca Chaturvedi Menorca Chaturvedi Ute Gschwandtner Florian Hatz Antonia Meyer Antje Welge-Lüssen Peter Fuhr Among Early Appearing Non-Motor Signs of Parkinson’s Disease, Alteration of Olfaction but Not Electroencephalographic Spectrum Correlates with Motor Function Frontiers in Neurology olfaction sniffing test Parkinson’s disease electroencephalographic Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale-III |
| title | Among Early Appearing Non-Motor Signs of Parkinson’s Disease, Alteration of Olfaction but Not Electroencephalographic Spectrum Correlates with Motor Function |
| title_full | Among Early Appearing Non-Motor Signs of Parkinson’s Disease, Alteration of Olfaction but Not Electroencephalographic Spectrum Correlates with Motor Function |
| title_fullStr | Among Early Appearing Non-Motor Signs of Parkinson’s Disease, Alteration of Olfaction but Not Electroencephalographic Spectrum Correlates with Motor Function |
| title_full_unstemmed | Among Early Appearing Non-Motor Signs of Parkinson’s Disease, Alteration of Olfaction but Not Electroencephalographic Spectrum Correlates with Motor Function |
| title_short | Among Early Appearing Non-Motor Signs of Parkinson’s Disease, Alteration of Olfaction but Not Electroencephalographic Spectrum Correlates with Motor Function |
| title_sort | among early appearing non motor signs of parkinson s disease alteration of olfaction but not electroencephalographic spectrum correlates with motor function |
| topic | olfaction sniffing test Parkinson’s disease electroencephalographic Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale-III |
| url | http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fneur.2017.00545/full |
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