Improving snow albedo modeling in the E3SM land model (version 2.0) and assessing its impacts on snow and surface fluxes over the Tibetan Plateau
<p>With the highest albedo of the land surface, snow plays a vital role in Earth's surface energy budget and water cycle. Snow albedo is primarily controlled by snow grain properties (e.g., size and shape) and light-absorbing particles (LAPs) such as black carbon (BC) and dust. The mixing...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Copernicus Publications
2023-01-01
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| Series: | Geoscientific Model Development |
| Online Access: | https://gmd.copernicus.org/articles/16/75/2023/gmd-16-75-2023.pdf |
| _version_ | 1797962587373043712 |
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| author | D. Hao G. Bisht K. Rittger E. Bair C. He H. Huang C. Dang T. Stillinger Y. Gu H. Wang Y. Qian L. R. Leung |
| author_facet | D. Hao G. Bisht K. Rittger E. Bair C. He H. Huang C. Dang T. Stillinger Y. Gu H. Wang Y. Qian L. R. Leung |
| author_sort | D. Hao |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <p>With the highest albedo of the land surface, snow plays a vital
role in Earth's surface energy budget and water cycle. Snow albedo is
primarily controlled by snow grain properties (e.g., size and shape) and
light-absorbing particles (LAPs) such as black carbon (BC) and dust. The
mixing state of LAPs in snow also has impacts on LAP-induced snow albedo
reduction and surface radiative forcing (RF). However, most land surface
models assume that snow grain shape is spherical and LAPs are externally
mixed with the snow grains. This study improves the snow radiative transfer
model in the Energy Exascale Earth System Model version 2.0 (E3SM v2.0) Land
Model (ELM v2.0) by considering non-spherical snow grain shapes (i.e.,
spheroid, hexagonal plate, and Koch snowflake) and internal mixing of
dust–snow, and it systematically evaluates the impacts on the surface energy budget
and water cycle over the Tibetan Plateau (TP). A series of ELM simulations
with different treatments of snow grain shape, mixing state of BC–snow and
dust–snow, and sub-grid topographic effects (TOP) on solar radiation are
performed. Compared with two remote sensing snow products derived from the
Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, the control ELM
simulation (ELM_Control) with the default configurations of
spherical snow grain shape, internal mixing of BC–snow, external mixing of
dust–snow, and without TOP as well as the ELM simulation with new model features
(ELM_New) can both capture the overall snow distribution
reasonably. Additionally, ELM_New overall shows smaller
biases in snow cover fraction than ELM_Control in spring when
snowmelt is important for water management. The estimated LAP-induced RF in
ELM_New ranges from 0 to 19.3 W m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−2</sup></span> with the
area-weighted average value of 1.5 W m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−2</sup></span> that is comparable to the
reported values in existing studies. The Koch snowflake shape, among
other non-spherical shapes, shows the largest difference from the spherical
shape in spring when snow processes related to the surface energy budget and
water cycle have high importance. The impacts of the mixing state of LAP in
snow are smaller than the shape effects and depend on snow grain shape.
Compared to external mixing, internal mixing of LAP–snow can lead to larger
snow albedo reduction and snowmelt, which further affect the surface energy
budget and water cycle. The individual contributions of non-spherical snow
shape, mixing state of LAP–snow, and local topography impacts on the snow
and surface fluxes have different signs and magnitudes, and their combined
effects may be negative or positive due to complex and nonlinear
interactions among the factors. Overall, the changes in net solar radiation
in spring due to individual and combined effects range from <span class="inline-formula">−28.6</span> to 16.9 W m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−2</sup></span> and <span class="inline-formula">−29.7</span> to 12.2 W m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−2</sup></span>, respectively. This study advances
understanding of the role of snow grain shape and mixing state of LAP–snow
in land surface processes and offers guidance for improving snow simulations
and RF estimates in Earth system models under climate change.</p> |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T01:15:32Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-b9a157cf52a747aea47c00cd1c6cbb9a |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1991-959X 1991-9603 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T01:15:32Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | Copernicus Publications |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Geoscientific Model Development |
| spelling | doaj.art-b9a157cf52a747aea47c00cd1c6cbb9a2023-01-04T05:32:12ZengCopernicus PublicationsGeoscientific Model Development1991-959X1991-96032023-01-0116759410.5194/gmd-16-75-2023Improving snow albedo modeling in the E3SM land model (version 2.0) and assessing its impacts on snow and surface fluxes over the Tibetan PlateauD. Hao0G. Bisht1K. Rittger2E. Bair3C. He4H. Huang5C. Dang6T. Stillinger7Y. Gu8H. Wang9Y. Qian10L. R. Leung11Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USAAtmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USAInstitute for Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USAEarth Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USAResearch Applications Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USAAtmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USAJoint Center for Satellite Data Assimilation, University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USAEarth Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USAJoint Institute for Regional Earth System Science and Engineering and Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USAAtmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USAAtmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USAAtmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA<p>With the highest albedo of the land surface, snow plays a vital role in Earth's surface energy budget and water cycle. Snow albedo is primarily controlled by snow grain properties (e.g., size and shape) and light-absorbing particles (LAPs) such as black carbon (BC) and dust. The mixing state of LAPs in snow also has impacts on LAP-induced snow albedo reduction and surface radiative forcing (RF). However, most land surface models assume that snow grain shape is spherical and LAPs are externally mixed with the snow grains. This study improves the snow radiative transfer model in the Energy Exascale Earth System Model version 2.0 (E3SM v2.0) Land Model (ELM v2.0) by considering non-spherical snow grain shapes (i.e., spheroid, hexagonal plate, and Koch snowflake) and internal mixing of dust–snow, and it systematically evaluates the impacts on the surface energy budget and water cycle over the Tibetan Plateau (TP). A series of ELM simulations with different treatments of snow grain shape, mixing state of BC–snow and dust–snow, and sub-grid topographic effects (TOP) on solar radiation are performed. Compared with two remote sensing snow products derived from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, the control ELM simulation (ELM_Control) with the default configurations of spherical snow grain shape, internal mixing of BC–snow, external mixing of dust–snow, and without TOP as well as the ELM simulation with new model features (ELM_New) can both capture the overall snow distribution reasonably. Additionally, ELM_New overall shows smaller biases in snow cover fraction than ELM_Control in spring when snowmelt is important for water management. The estimated LAP-induced RF in ELM_New ranges from 0 to 19.3 W m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−2</sup></span> with the area-weighted average value of 1.5 W m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−2</sup></span> that is comparable to the reported values in existing studies. The Koch snowflake shape, among other non-spherical shapes, shows the largest difference from the spherical shape in spring when snow processes related to the surface energy budget and water cycle have high importance. The impacts of the mixing state of LAP in snow are smaller than the shape effects and depend on snow grain shape. Compared to external mixing, internal mixing of LAP–snow can lead to larger snow albedo reduction and snowmelt, which further affect the surface energy budget and water cycle. The individual contributions of non-spherical snow shape, mixing state of LAP–snow, and local topography impacts on the snow and surface fluxes have different signs and magnitudes, and their combined effects may be negative or positive due to complex and nonlinear interactions among the factors. Overall, the changes in net solar radiation in spring due to individual and combined effects range from <span class="inline-formula">−28.6</span> to 16.9 W m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−2</sup></span> and <span class="inline-formula">−29.7</span> to 12.2 W m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−2</sup></span>, respectively. This study advances understanding of the role of snow grain shape and mixing state of LAP–snow in land surface processes and offers guidance for improving snow simulations and RF estimates in Earth system models under climate change.</p>https://gmd.copernicus.org/articles/16/75/2023/gmd-16-75-2023.pdf |
| spellingShingle | D. Hao G. Bisht K. Rittger E. Bair C. He H. Huang C. Dang T. Stillinger Y. Gu H. Wang Y. Qian L. R. Leung Improving snow albedo modeling in the E3SM land model (version 2.0) and assessing its impacts on snow and surface fluxes over the Tibetan Plateau Geoscientific Model Development |
| title | Improving snow albedo modeling in the E3SM land model (version 2.0) and assessing its impacts on snow and surface fluxes over the Tibetan Plateau |
| title_full | Improving snow albedo modeling in the E3SM land model (version 2.0) and assessing its impacts on snow and surface fluxes over the Tibetan Plateau |
| title_fullStr | Improving snow albedo modeling in the E3SM land model (version 2.0) and assessing its impacts on snow and surface fluxes over the Tibetan Plateau |
| title_full_unstemmed | Improving snow albedo modeling in the E3SM land model (version 2.0) and assessing its impacts on snow and surface fluxes over the Tibetan Plateau |
| title_short | Improving snow albedo modeling in the E3SM land model (version 2.0) and assessing its impacts on snow and surface fluxes over the Tibetan Plateau |
| title_sort | improving snow albedo modeling in the e3sm land model version 2 0 and assessing its impacts on snow and surface fluxes over the tibetan plateau |
| url | https://gmd.copernicus.org/articles/16/75/2023/gmd-16-75-2023.pdf |
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